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A  MANUAL  OF 

CEMENT  TESTING 


FOR  THE   USE  OF  ENGINEERS 

AND   CHEMISTS    IN    COLLEGES 

AND   IN   THE   FIELD 


BY 

WILLIAM  ALLYN  RICHARDS,  B.S.  IN  M.E. 

Instructor  in  the  University  of  Chicago ,  Junior  Member  A  *S.M.E. 
Member  A  merican  Gas  Institute,  A  merican  Chemical  Society 


AND 


HENRY  BRIGGS  NORTH,  D.Sc. 

Associate  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  Rutgers  Collegt 

Member  of  the  A  merican  Chemical  Society 

A  merican  Electrochemical  Society 

Societe  chimique  de  France 


ILLUSTRATED 


NEW  YORK 
D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY 

25  PARK  PLACE 
1912 


COPYRIGHT,  1912, 

BY 
D.  VAN  NOSTRAND   COMPANY 


Stanbope  jpress 

F.    H.  GILSON   COMPANY 
BOSTON,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE. 


IN  order  to  insure  uniformity  of  results  in  the  testing  of 
cement,  it  is  essential  that  each  test  should  invariably  be 
made  in  precisely  the  same  manner  and  under  exactly  the 
same  conditions.  A  committee  of  the  American  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers  has,  with  this  aim  in  view,  prepared  and 
published  a  set  of  Standard  Methods  of  Testing  Cement, 
and  these  methods  are  to-day  employed  throughout  the 
United  States. 

This  little  volume,  as  its  name  implies,  is  a  laboratory 
manual  on  cement  testing,  and  is  intended  to  assist  in 
bringing  about  uniformity  in  the  testing  of  cement.  The 
authors  have  endeavored  to  present,  in  a  somewhat  con- 
densed form,  such  directions  as  will  enable  a  student  in  the 
laboratory  or  an  operator  in  the  field  office  to  correctly 
interpret  the  Standard  Methods  of  Testing  and  Specifica- 
tions for  Cement  as  published  by  the  committee  of  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  American  Society  for 
Testing  Materials,  Association  of  American  Portland  Cement 
Manufacturers,  and  the  American  Railway  Engineers  and 
Maintenance  of  Way  Association;  they  have  endeavored 
to  give  sufficient  detail  to  enable  all  students  to  learn  the 
same  manipulations  and  thus  be  able  to  perform  each  test 
in  a  certain  well  defined  and  similar  manner. 

ill 

268767 


IV  PREFACE 

All  of  the  tests  described  have  been  performed  in  the 
laboratory  under  the  eyes  of  the  writers  and  have  been 
found  to  produce  uniformly  good  results. 

Acknowledgment  has  been  made  to  various  authorities 
on  the  subject  by  special  mention  or  as  references  at  the 
end  of  the  several  chapters. 

Any  corrections  or  suggestions  will  be  gratefully  received. 

W.  A.  R. 

H.  B.  N. 
June  i5th,  1912. 


CONTENTS. 


PART  I. 

PAGE 
INTRODUCTION ix 

CHAPTER  I. 
CLASSIFICATION,   COMPOSITION,   MANUFACTURE. 

Definition  —  Classification  —  Portland  —  Natural  —  Pozzuo- 
lana  —  Mixed  —  Distinguishing  Features  —  Composition  —  Silica 

—  Lime  —  Alumina  —  Iron  Oxide  —  Magnesia  —  Sulphuric  Acid 

—  Sulphur  —  Alkalies  —  Carbonic  Acid  —  Manufacture  —  Raw 
Materials  —  Cement  Rock  —  Limestone  —  Marl  —  Clay  —  Chalk 

-  Alkali  Waste  —  Mixing  (Wet  Process,  Dry  Process)  —  Kilns 
(Stationary,  Rotary)  —  Grinding  —  References i 

CHAPTER  II. 
SAMPLING. 

Storage  —  Collecting  the  Sample  —  Sample  Cans  —  References . .       7 

CHAPTER  III. 
FINENESS. 

Importance  —  Method  —  Apparatus  (Sieves,  Scales)  —  To 
Make  the  Test  —  Results  —  Deductions  —  References 9 

CHAPTER  IV. 
SPECIFIC  GRAVITY. 

Definition  —  Significance  —  Apparatus  (Le  Chatelier  Specific 
Gravity  Flask,  Funnel,  Chemical  Balance)  —  To  Make  the  Test  — 
Calculation  —  Cleaning  the  Flask  —  Conclusion  —  References  ...  14 

v 


vi  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  V. 

NORMAL  CONSISTENCY,  MIXING,  TIME  OF  SET. 

PAGE 

Significance  —  Standard  —  Apparatus  (Vicat  Apparatus,  Scales, 
Burette)  —  Mixing  —  To  Make  the  Test  —  Time  of  Set  —  Sig- 
nificance —  To  Make  the  Test  —  Conclusions  —  References 20 

CHAPTER  VI. 
CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME. 

Significance  —  Kinds  of  Tests  (Normal,  Accelerated)  —  Appara- 
tus (Boiling  Apparatus)  —  To  Make  the  Tests  —  Conclusions  — 
References 28 

CHAPTER   VII. 
TENSILE  STRENGTH. 

Use  —  Factors  Affecting  Strength  —  Composition  —  Fineness  — 
Amount  of  Water  —  Apparatus  (Molds,  Testing  Machines)  —  To 
Make  the  Tests  (Neat  Cement)  —  To  Make  the  Test  (Mortar)  — 
Determine  the  Percentage  of  Water  —  Method  of  Mixing  — 
Breaking  (Briquettes)  —  Conclusions  —  References 33 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
COMPRESSIVE  STRENGTH  AND   TRANSVERSE  TESTS. 

Compressive  Strength  —  Molds  —  To  Make  the  Test  (Neat, 
Mortar)  —  Breaking  —  Conclusions  —  Transverse  Tests  (Modu- 
lus of  Rupture)  —  Molds  —  To  Make  the  Test  —  Breaking  — 
Calculations  —  Conclusions  —  References 41 

CHAPTER  IX. 
SAND  AND   STONE. 

Sand  —  Test  of  Natural  Sand  —  Per  Cent  of  Loam  —  Mechani- 
cal Analysis  —  Apparatus  —  To  Make  the  Test  —  The  Uniformity 
Coefficient  —  The  Effective  Size  —  To  Find  the  Uniformity  Co- 
efficient and  Effective  Size  —  Voids  —  Apparatus  —  To  Make  the 
Test  —  Stone  —  Mechanical  Analysis  (Apparatus,  To  Make  the 
Test)  —  Voids  (Apparatus,  Specific  Gravity,  To  Make  the  Test)  — 
References 49 


CONTENTS  vii 

CHAPTER  X. 

LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT. 

PAGE 

Special  Apparatus  —  Machines  (Tension  Test)  —  Long  Lever  — 
Shot  —  Spring  Balance  —  Clips  —  Transverse  Tool  —  Compres- 
sion Tool  —  Universal  Testing  Machine  —  Sand  Shaker  —  Scales 
and  Balance  —  Boiling  Apparatus  —  Moist  Closet  —  Storage  — 
Tanks  —  Table  —  Burette  —  Molds  (Briquette,  Cube,  Bar)  - 
Miscellaneous  Apparatus 63 


PART  II. 

INTRODUCTION 

Part  played  by  Chemical  Analysis;  Preparation  of  Sample  for 
Analysis 80 

ANALYSIS  OF  CEMENT 

Determination  of  Loss  on  Ignition  —  Silica  (SiO2)  —  Iron  and 
Alumina  (Fe2O3  and  A12O3)  —  Lime  (CaO)  —  Magnesia  (MgO)  — 
Sulphuric  Acid  (SO3)  —  Total  Sulphur  (S)  —  Sulphur  as  Sulphide 
(S)  —  Moisture  —  Alkalies  (K2O  and  Na2O)  —  Carbon  Dioxide 

(CO.) 84 

ANALYSIS  or  LIMESTONE 106 

ANALYSIS  OF  MARL 107 

ANALYSIS  OF  SLAG 107 

ANALYSIS  OF  CLAY 107 


PART    I. 
INTRODUCTION. 


THE  Portland  Cement  Industry  in  the  United  States  has 
had  a  most  marvelous  development.  In  1880  the  United 
States  produced  82,000  barrels  of  Portland  Cement,  while 
in  1910  the  output  was  estimated  to  be  70,000,000  barrels. 

This  great  increase  in  the  use  of  cement  is  fitting  testi- 
mony of  its  great  value  as  a  material  of  construction. 

Like  all  other  materials  used  in  construction,  cement 
must  be  tested.  Iron,  steel,  wood  and  stone,  in  their 
preparation  for  use  or  tests,  have  only  their  shapes  changed ; 
but  it  is  quite  different  with  cement,  which  comes  from  the 
manufacturer  to  the  testing  laboratory,  or  wherever  it  is  to 
be  used,  in  the  form  of  a  fine  powder,  there  to  be  mixed  with 
water  into  a  paste  and  deposited  in  forms  till  hardened 
into  a  solid.  It  is  evident  that  of  all  materials  of  construc- 
tion subjected  to  a  system  of  testing,  cement  is  probably 
the  most  dependent  on  the  judgment  and  skill  of  the  person 
making  the  tests.  It  was  with  a  view  to  eliminating  this 
personal  factor  as  far  as  possible,  and  thereby  placing  the 
tests  of  one  operator,  or  one  laboratory,  on  a  basis  of 
comparison  with  another  operator  or  laboratory,  that  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers  and  several  other 
societies  appointed  a  committee  to  draw  up  specifications 
to  be  used  in  all  tests  of  cement  in  the  United  States. 


X  INTRODUCTION 

These  specifications  form  the  basis  of  this  manual,  and 
whenever  the  term  "  Standard  Specifications,"  is  used,  it 
refers  to  the  "Standard  Methods  of  Testing  and  Specifi- 
cations for  Cement,"  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers. 

Classes.  Cement  tests  are  of  two  classes:  (i)  Experi- 
mental Tests,  made  for  scientific  purposes,  and  comprising 
such  tests  as  modulus  of  elasticity,  coefficient  of  expansion, 
etc.,  and  (2)  Routine  Tests,  made  to  ascertain  if  a  certain 
consignment  of  cement  will  answer  the  requirements  of  a 
set  of  specifications,  as  regards  soundness  and  strength. 

The  routine  tests  usually  employed  are  fineness,  spe- 
cific gravity,  soundness,  tensile  strength  (both  neat  and 
sand),  and  time  of  set,  while  compression  and  transverse 
tests  are  sometimes  used. 

The  tests  for  soundness  and  strength  are  called  primary 
tests,  while  fineness,  specific  gravity,  etc.,  are  called  second- 
ary, since  they  give  only  additional  information,  which  is 
of  little  value  in  itself. 

Routine  tests  alone  will  be  considered  in  this  work. 


CEMENT   TESTING 


CHAPTER  I. 
CLASSIFICATION,   COMPOSITION,  MANUFACTURE. 

Definition.  Hydraulic  cement  is  a  material,  which,  when 
pulverized  and  mixed  into  a  more  or  less  pasty  mass  with 
water,  has  the  property  of  setting  or  hardening  under  water. 

Classification.  Cements  are  usually  classified  as  follows : 
(i)  Portland,  (2)  natural,  (3)  Pozzuolana,  (4)  blended  or 
mixed. 

Portland  cement  is  the  finely  ground  powder  of  a  clinker 
resulting  from  the  incipient  fusion  of  an  intimate  artifi- 
cial mixture  of  finely  ground  calcareous  and  argillaceous* 
materials,  and  must  contain  no  materials  added  after  cal- 
cination other  than  a  small  amount  of  calcium  sulphate  to 
regulate  setting.! 

Natural  cement  is  the  finely  ground  powder  of  a  clinker, 

*  Calcareous  —  partaking  of  the  nature  of  calcite  or  calcium  carbonate 
Argillaceous  —  of  a  clayey  nature. 

t  This  definition  is  sometimes  further  limited  by  stating:  The  finished 
product  must  contain  at  least  1.7  times  as  much  lime,  by  weight,  as  silica 
alumina  and  iron  oxide  combined. 


;  CGEMENT  TESTING 

resulting  from  the  burning,  at  a  heat  below  incipient  fusion, 
of  argillaceous  limestone  or  other  suitable  natural  rock. 

Pozzuolana  cement  results  from  grinding  and  mixing  in 
definite  proportions  slaked  lime  and  blast  furnace  slag,  or 
certain  volcanic  lava. 

Mixed  cement  is,  as  the  name  implies,  a  cement  made  up 
of  different  brands  or  kinds  of  cements,  and  sometimes 
inert  substances. 

Distinguishing  Features.  Natural  or  common  cements 
are  light  or  dark  gray,  according  to  the  stone  from  which 
they  are  made.  The  specific  gravity  is  from  2.7  to  3.0,  with 
an  average  about  2.85.  Portland  cements  have  a  specific 
gravity  of  from  3.0  to  3.5,  averaging  about  3.15.  Natural 
cements  have  much  quicker  set  and  are  lower  in  strength 
in  the  earlier  tests. 

Pozzuolana  cement  made  from  slag  is  characterized 
chiefly  by  its  light  lilac  color,  absence  of  grit,  low  specific 
gravity  (2.6-2.8),  and  by  the  intense  bluish  green  color  of 
a  fresh  fracture  after  long  submersion  in  water. 

Composition.  The  basic  elements  of  Portland  cement 
are  silica,  alumina  and  lime.  Ingredients  such  as  iron, 
magnesia,  alkalies,  sulphuric  acid,  carbonic  acid,  and  water 
also  occurs  in  varying  quantities,  replacing  some  of  the 
basic  elements. 

The  following  represents  about  the  limits  within  which 
fall  the  constituents  of  various  American  Portland  cements, 
which  pass  the  Standard  Specifications  for  soundness, 
setting  time  and  tensile  strength: 


CLASSIFICATION,   COMPOSITION,   MANUFACTURE  3 

Per   Cent. 

Silica 20  to  24 

Alumina 5  to    9 

Iron  Oxide 2  to    4 

Lime 60  to  63.5 

Magnesia i  to    2 

Sulphur  Trioxide 1.5 

The  following  represents  an  average: 

Per  Cent. 

Silica 22.0 

Alumina 7.5 

Iron  Oxide 2.5 

Lime 62.0 

Magnesia 2.5 

Sulphur  Trioxide 1.5 

Silica  (Si02).  19-24  per  cent,  exists  in  combination  with 
lime  as  calcium  silicate,  which  is  an  active  hardening 
factor.  It  should  not  be  present  as  free  silica. 

Lime  (CaO).  59-67  per  cent,  depending  on  the  relative 
proportions  of  alumina  and  silica  and  care  with  which  the 
cement  has  been  manufactured.  When  in  the  combined 
state  the  greater  the  amount  the  stronger  the  cement. 
Excess  of  lime,  or  lime  in  the  free  state,  will  make  an  un- 
sound cement  by  expanding  due  to  slaking.  The  more 
lime,  the  slower  the  setting. 

Alumina  (A1203).  5-10  per  cent,  mostly  combined  as 
calcium  aluminate.  The  greater  the  proportion,  the  quicker 
the  setting  and  the  lower  ultimate  tensile  strength.  Le 
Chatelier  believes  calcium  aluminate  to  be  the  greatest 
factor  in  hardening. 

Iron  Oxide  (Fe20s).  Usually  less  than  4  per  cent. 
Probably  has  little  influence  on  the  cement,  though  be- 
lieved by  some  to  act  the  same  as  alumina. 


4  CEMENT  TESTING 

Magnesia  (MgO).  2-4  per  cent,  by  some  considered  as 
an  impurity,  while  other  investigators  claim  it  acts  the 
same  as  lime.  Four  per  cent  is  placed  as  the  limit  by  the 
Standard  Specifications. 

Sulphuric  Acid  or  Sulphur  Trioxide  (SOs).  1.25-1.75 
per  cent,  due  mostly  to  the  introduction  of  calcium  sul- 
phate into  the  finished  cement  to  regulate  setting.  The 
more  calcium  sulphate  (CaSO4)  the  slower  the  set.  It 
should  never  exceed  2-3  per  cent,  while  the  Standard 
Specifications  limits  it  to  1.75. 

Sulphur  (S).  Found  only  in  small  amounts,  usually 
comes  from  the  coal  used  in  burning  the  clinker,  though 
sometimes  from  the  raw  materials.  Sulphides,  when  in  any 
considerable  quantity,  cause  discolorations  (dark  blue 
spots)  in  the  cement  on  hardening,  and  disintegration  due 
to  oxidation. 

Alkalies  (K2O  and  Na20).  0.5-2  per  cent,  have  little 
or  no  effect  on  cement  unless  in  large  quantities. 

Carbonic  Acid  (CO2).  0.5-1.5  per  cent,  due  mostly  to 
absorption  from  the  air;  a  large  proportion  shows  under- 
burning  or  excess  of  lime. 

Natural  and  Pozzuolana  Cements.  The  constituents  of 
natural  and  Pozzuolana  cements  are  practically  the  same 
as  those  of  Portland  cement,  except  that  in  the  natural  they 
are  found  in  varying  proportions. 

The  following  analyses*  will  serve  to  illustrate. 

*  From  Eckel's  "  Cement  Materials  and  Industry." 


CLASSIFICATION,   COMPOSITION,  MANUFACTURE 


Portland. 

Natural. 

Pozzuolana. 

Silica                          

21  .  ^O 

26.40 

28   o< 

Alumina         

7.65 

6.28 

II  .40 

Iron         

2.85 

I  .OO 

o.  54 

Lime 

60  (K 

4<    22 

^O    20 

M^agnesia 

2    (K 

O    OO 

2    06 

Sulphuric  acid 

I    8l 

I    37 

Alkali                                         

I  .  1^ 

4.00 

Carbonic  acid  and  water  

7.86 

•2  .  7Q 

As  the  composition  of  natural  cement  from  different 
plants,  and  frequently  from  the  same  plant,  varies  greatly, 
the  analysis  just  given  must  not  be  considered  as  an  aver- 
age, but  simply  as  an  illustration. 

MANUFACTURE. 

Raw  Materials.  The  essentials,  silica,  lime  and  alumina, 
are  obtained  from  six  different  sources. 

(1)  Cement  rock  and  limestone. 

(2)  Limestone  and  clay. 

(3)  Marl  and  clay. 

(4)  Chalk  and  clay. 

(5)  Slag  and  limestone. 

(6)  Alkali  waste  and  clay. 

Cement  rock,  from  which  about  two- thirds  of  the  cement 
manufactured  in  the  United  States  is  made,  is  an  argilla- 
ceous limestone,  low  in  magnesia. 

Marl,  an  almost  pure  calcium  carbonate,  is  a  soft,  wet, 
calcareous  earth. 

Clay  is  a  more  or  less  plastic  substance  composed  chiefly  of 
aluminum  silicate,  formed  by  the  decomposition  of  minerals. 


6  CEMENT  TESTING 

Chalk,  a  soft,  earthy  variety  of  limestone  or  carbonate 
of  lime,  is  usually  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  but  is  some- 
times snow  white.  It  is  easily  broken,  has  an  earthy  frac- 
ture, is  rough,  dry  and  harsh  to  the  touch,  and  adheres 
slightly  to  the  tongue.  It  sometimes  contains  a  little 
silica,  alumina,  or  magnesia,  and  occasionally  all  three. 

Limestone  is  a  substance  formed  when  clay  has  been 
deposited  with  calcareous  matter. 

Alkali  waste  is  the  refuse  from  the  manufacture  of  soda. 
It  exists  as  caustic  lime. 

These  materials  are  very  carefully  analyzed  and  propor- 
tioned before  mixing.  The  mixing  is  done  in  one  of  two 
ways,  (i)  by  a  wet  or  (2)  by  a  dry  process,  after  which  the 
mixture  is  calcined.  For  this  there  are  two  kinds  of  kilns 
in  use:  (i)  the  stationary  and  (2)  the  rotary.  Including 
the  grinding  of  the  clinker,  the  manufacture  of  cement, 
regardless  of  the  process  or  method  used,  consists  of  three 
steps:  (i)  mixing  and  grinding,  (2)  calcining  the  mixture, 
and  (3)  reducing  the  clinker  to  a  powder. 

REFERENCES. 

"Practical  Cement  Testing,"  by  Taylor;  "Concrete:  Plain  and 
Reinforced,"  by  Taylor  and  Thompson;  "Examination  of  Portland 
Cement,"  by  R.  K.  Meade;  "Manufacture  of  Portland  Cements," 
by  A.  V.  Bleininger;  "Fourth  Series,"  Bulletin  3,  Ohio  Geological 
Survey. 


CHAPTER  II. 

SAMPLING. 

Storage.  Cement  is  shipped  in  wooden  barrels,  cloth  or 
paper  bags,  none  of  which  furnish  very  good  protection 
for  its  contents.  Therefore,  it  is  necessary  to  provide  a 
good  dry  storage  place. 

Inspection.  The  material,  the  condition  of  the  packages, 
and,  if  possible,  the  transporting  medium  of  each  shipment 
should  be  thoroughly  examined.  Be  very  careful  in  the  ex- 
amination of  the  storage  room  or  warehouse.  It  must  be  dry 
and  free  from  leaks.  All  packages  should  bear  the  manu- 
facturer's name  or  trade-mark,  and  any  unmarked  packages 
should  be  rejected.  If  the  specifications  call  for  sealed 
packages,  all  packages  should  be  sealed  and  all  seals  should 
be  similar.  The  cement  should  contain  no  hard  lumps,  as 
these  indicate  injury  from  moisture,  which  has  caused 
partial  set.  Soft  lumps  easily  broken  by  the  fingers  indi- 
cate aging,  which  is  not  harmful.  It  is  well  to  ascertain 
the  average  weight  of  the  packages. 

Collecting  the  Sample.  The  selection  of  the  sample  for 
testing  must  be  left  largely  to  the  discretion  of  the  party 
taking  it.  The  quantity  must  depend  upon  the  importance 
of  the  work  and  the  number  of  tests  to  be  made,  as  well  as 
the  facilities  for  making  them  —  usually  8  to  10  pounds. 

7 


8  CEMENT  TESTING 

The  sample  must  be  a  fair  average  of  the  shipment  and  also 
of  the  package.  One  barrel  in  ten  is  a  fair  average  for  a 
large  shipment,  but  on  small  work  or  in  small  shipments 
samples  should  be  taken  more  often;  and  never  less  than 
five  bags  should  be  sampled. 

To  obtain  an  average  of  the  shipment,  the  samples  should 
be  taken  from  packages  in  different  parts  of  the  pile.  An 

average  of  the   package   is 
K  obtained    by    means    of    a 

sampling  auger  (Fig.  i),  such 
FIG   i  as  is  used  by  butter  or  sugar 

inspectors,  inserting  it  from 

top  to  center  in  bags,  and  from  side  to  center  in  barrels, 
midway  between  the  heads. 

Sample  cans  *  marked  with  all  necessary  information  as 
to  the  shipment,  brand,  manufacturer,  etc-.,  should  be  used 
to  store  the  sample  in,  until  tested.  Each  sample  should 
be  thoroughly  mixed  and  passed  through  a  sieve  having 
twenty  meshes  per  linear  inch,  in  order  to  break  up  lumps 
and  remove  foreign  material  and  further  mix  the  sample. 

REFERENCE. 
"Practical  Cement  Testing,"  by  Taylor. 

*  Mason  (fruit)  jars  make  good  sample  jars. 


CHAPTER  III. 

FINENESS. 

Importance.  In  itself,  fineness  is  of  little  importance, 
but  because  it  affects  the  other  properties  it  becomes  of 
considerable  moment. 

In  the  early  stages  of  hardening  only  the  finer  particles 
have  any  effect,  as  water  is  slow  in  reaching  the  interior  of 
the  larger  particles,  thereby  delaying  the  hydraulic  action. 
Also,  the  finer  particles  will  more  easily  cover  the  sand 
grains,  making  mortar  much  stronger,  and  allowing  the  use 


FIG.  2. 

of  a  larger  percentage  of  sand.  Neat  cement  mixtures  are 
usually  less  strong  with  fine  than  with  coarse  cement. 
Seasoning  can  take  place  more  easily  with  finely  ground 
cement;  because  of  this,  fine  cement  is  less  liable  to  un- 
soundness. 

9 


10  CEMENT  TESTING 

Method.  Fineness  is  determined  by  passing  the  cement 
through  sieves  (Fig.  2) ;  other  methods  by  means  of  currents 
of  air  or  liquids  have  been  proposed  but  are  little  used.* 

Apparatus.  Sieves,  numbers  20,  50,  100  and  200,  pan 
and  cover,  shot  and  scales.  The  sieves  should  be  circular, 
between  6  and  8  inches  in  diameter  and  i\  inches  deep, 
provided  with  a  pan  2  inches  deep,  and  a  cover. 

The  wire  cloth  should  be  woven  from  brass  wire  having 
diameters  as  follows : 

Inches. 
No.     20 0.034 

No.  50 0.0090 

No.  zoo 0.0045 

No.  200 0.0024 

The  cloth  should  be  mounted  on  the  frames  without  dis- 
tortion; the  mesh  should  be  regular  in  spacing  and  within 
the  following  limits : 

No.  50  not  less  than  48  nor  more  than  50  per  linear  inch. 
No.  100  not  less  than  96  nor  more  than  100  per  linear  inch. 
No.  200  not  less  than  188  nor  more  than  200  per  linear  inch. 

*  "The  classification  of  coarse  materials  according  to  size  is  very  readily 
accomplished  by  means  of  sieves."  But  with  cement  and  other  fine  materials 
a  large  proportion  will  pass  the  finest  sieve;  it  is,  therefore,  desirable  to 
have  some  way  of  separating  these  very  fine  particles. 

"It  is  well  known  that  homogeneous  substances  fall  in  liquids  with  a 
speed  that  varies  with  their  size,  that  is  to  say,  the  larger  fall  more  rapidly 
than  the  smaller  ones;  and  if  a  stream  of  liquid  can  be  given  a  definite 
upward  flow,  certain  relatively  coarse  particles  will  settle  out  and  other 
relatively  fine  particles  will  be  floated  away." 

Classifiers  for  laboratory  use  have  been  made  for  the  separation  of  fine 
particles,  but  the  experiments  so  far  take  from  two  to  four  hours,  and  for 
cement  are  otherwise  not  entirely  satisfactory. 

See  article  by  G.  W.  Thompson,  Proc.  Am.  Socy.  for  Testing  Materials, 
1910,  vol.  x,  p.  601,  also  Taylor's  "  Practical  Cement  Testing,  "  p.  64. 


FINENESS 


II 


Scales.  The  scales  used  in  tests  for  fineness  should  be 
sensitive  to  5  centigrams.  Figs.  3  and  4  show  the  two 
types  generally  used.  That 
shown  in  Fig.  4  is  designed 
especially  for  fineness  tests. 
The  beam  is  graduated  so 
as  to  represent  percentages 
of  50  grams.* 

To     Make     the     Test. 

Weigh  out  50  grams  of  the 

FIG.  3. 
thoroughly  dried  and 

coarsely  screened  sample,  and  place  in  the  No.  200  sieve 
with   about    200    grams    of    rather   coarse   shot.      Then, 


FIG.  4. 

with  pan  and  cover  attached,  hold  all  in  the  hands  in  a 
slightly  inclined  position,  and  move  backward  and  forward, 

*  The  cuts  for  Figs.  3  and  4  were  loaned  by  the  E.  H.  Sargent  Co.,  of 
Chicago. 


12  CEMENT  TESTING 

changing  the  plane  of  inclination,  and  allowing  the  sieve  to 
strike  the  palm  of  the  hand  a  sharp  blow,  squarely  on  the 
side,  at  the  rate  of  about  two  hundred  strokes  a  minute, 
for  ten  minutes.  Empty  the  cement  that  has  passed  the 
sieve,  clean  the  pan,  and  shake  for  one  minute  more.* 
When  the  amount  passing  the  sieve  in  one  minute  of  con- 
tinuous shaking  is  less  than  o.i  per  cent  (0.05  gram),  the 
residue  is  passed  through  the  No.  20  sieve,  to  separate  it 
from  the  shot,  and  is  weighed.  This  weight  in  grams, 
multiplied  by  2,  gives  the  per  cent  retained  on  the  No.  200 
sieve.  Place  the  residue  on  the  No.  100  sieve  and  con- 
tinue the  operation  as  above. 

Results  should  be  reported  to  o.i  per  cent  on  forms 
similar  to  the  one  shown  at  the  end  of  the  chapter. 

A  convenient  method  of  determining  when  less  than  o.i 
per  cent  has  passed  a  sieve  is  to  weigh  out  0.05  gram  of 
cement;  form  it  into  a  compact  heap  and  lay  it  aside  for 
reference.  Then,  by  comparing  the  cement  being  tested 
with  this,  it  can  be  told  at  a  glance  if  the  shaking  should 
be  continued. 

The  difference  in  color  and  structure  between  the  several 
residues  should  be  observed  and  noted. 

Deductions  from  Test.  Specifications  generally  state 
that  for  natural  cement  a  residue  of  not  more  than  15  per 
cent  shall  be  left  on  the  No.  100  sieve,  nor  30  per  cent  on 

*  Should  the  residue  after  the  one  minute  of  continuous  shaking  be 
greater  than  o.i  per  cent  the  operation  must  be  continued  till  not  more 
than  o.i  percent  remains  on  the  sieve  after  one  minute  of  continuous  shaking. 


FINENESS 


the  No.  200  sieve;  and  for  Portland  cement  not  more  than 
8  per  cent  on  the  No.  100,  nor  25  per  cent  on  the  No.  200 
sieve;  but  unless  the  cement  acts  badly  in  the  other  tests 
it  is  not  well  to  reject  a  cement,  except  when  variation  from 
these  requirements  is  great. 

REFERENCES. 

"Taylor's  Practical  Cement  Testing,"  pp.  75-78;  Johnson's 
" Materials  of  Construction,"  Art.  310;  "Standard  Methods  of 
Testing  and  Specifications  for  Cement,"  Pars.  19-27. 

FINENESS. 


Apparatus 

Condition  of  Sample 


Brand 


Ho. 


Weight 
of 


A/G 


Weight   ^o  fie- 
Pefa'inecl  hxineoi 


JZefarxxf 


tarmecf 


Remarks 


CHAPTER  IV. 
SPECIFIC   GRAVITY. 

Definition.  The  specific  gravity  of  a  substance  is  the 
ratio  of  the  weight  of  a  given  volume  of  that  substance  to 
the  weight  of  an  equal  volume  of  water.  In  the  metric 
system  it  is  the  ratio  of  the  weight  of  the  substance  in 
grams  to  its  volume  in  cubic  centimeters. 

Significance.  "  The  specific  gravity  of  cement  is  lowered 
by  adulteration  and  hydration,  but  the  adulteration  must  be 
in  considerable  quantity  to  affect  the  results  appreciably." 

As  the  differences  in  specific  gravity  are  usually  very 
small,  every  precaution  must  be  taken  to  make  the  results 
accurate.  At  the  best,  it  is  now  believed,  the  test  is  of  but 
little  value,  as  can  be  seen  from  the  following,  which  are  the 
conclusions  reached  by  R.  K.  Mead  and  Lester  C.  Hawk 
after  a  series  of  experiments.* 

"  The  specific  gravity  test  is  of  no  value  whatever  in 
detecting  underburning,  as  underburned  cement  will  show 
a  specific  gravity  much  higher  than  that  set  by  the  stand- 
ard specifications.  Underburned  cement  is  readily  and 
promptly  detected  by  the  soundness  tests,  and  no  others 
are  needed  for  this  purpose. 

*  Proceedings  of  the  loth  annual  meeting  of  the  Am.  Socy.  for  Testing 
Materials,  vol.  vii,  p.  363. 

14 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITY  15 

"  The  value  of  the  specific  gravity  test  as  an  indication 
of  adulteration  is  much  exaggerated.  While  a  large  admix- 
ture of  any  light  adulterant  with  the  cement  would  be 
shown,  there  is  at  the  same  time  much  slag  and  also 
Rosendale  cement  which  could  be  mixed  with  cement 
in  large  quantities  without  lowering  the  specific 
gravity  below  the  limit  of  our  standard  specifications. 
"  Low  specific  gravity  is  usually  caused  by  sea- 
soning of  the  cement  or  clinker,  either  of  which 
improves  the  product. 

"'The  proposition  to  ignite  the  cement  sample 
which  falls  below  specifications  and  determine  the 
specific  gravity  upon  the  ignited  portions  is  of  no 

value  because  adulterated  cements  also  have 
their  specific  gravity  very  much  raised  by  such 
ignition." 

Apparatus.  Le  Chatelier  specific  gravity  flask, 
glass  funnel,  ring  stand,  settling  jar,  glass  rod 
and  pipette  (Fig.  5),  chemical  balance  (Fig.  20). 
Various  forms  of  specific  gravity  flasks  have  been 
devised,  most  of  them  on  the  same  principle; 
but  the  one  now  used  almost  exclusively  is  the 
Le  Chatelier  apparatus  (Fig.  6). 

This  consists  of  a  flask  (a)  of  120  c.c.  capacity, 
with  a  neck  (6)  about  9  mm.  in  diameter  and  20  cm.  long, 
which  has  a  bulb  (c)  at  the  middle,  with  graduation  marks 
immediately  above  and  below;  the  volume  between  these 
marks  is  20  c.c.  The  neck,  from  the  mark  above  the  bulb 


i6 


CEMENT  TESTING 


for  about  6  cm.,  is  graduated  into  tenths  of  a  cubic  centi- 
meter. 

To  Make  the  Test.  Fill  the  Le  Chatelier  flask  with 
benzine  (62°  Baume  naphtha)  to  the  lowest  mark,  taking 
care  not  to  wet  the  side  of  the  neck  above  the  bulb.  Let 
this  stand  while  65  grams*  of  the  cement  to  be  tested  is 

weighed  out  on  a  chemical 
balance.  With  a  pipette, 
adjust  the  lower  meniscus 
exactly  to  the  mark  under 
the  bulb  taking  care  to  avoid 
parallax  by  sighting  on  a 
distant  horizontal  line  of 
about  the  same  level  as  the 
eye.  Support  funnel  (a)  by 
a  ring  stand  (&),  (Fig.  7), 
allowing  the  stem  to  project 
into  the  flask  about  one 
inch.  A  pad  of  paper  should 
be  placed  under  the  flask 
for  protection  from  breaking. 
Introduce  the  cement  all  at  one  time  into  the  funnel, 
holding  a  glass  rod  in  the  bottom  to  control  the  dis- 
charge of  the  cement.  By  slightly  raising  and  lowering 
the  glass  rod,  a  small  portion  of  the  cement  will  pass  through 

*  While  the  Standard  Specifications  give  64  grams  the  authors  have  been 
in  the  habit  of  using  65  grams.  Other  cases  are  known  in  which  the  test  is 
made  with  65  grams  of  Portland  or  64  of  natural  cements. 


Poet, 


FIG.  7. 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITY  17 

the  funnel  into  the  flask;  and  by  slightly  jarring  the  flask 
on  the  paper  pad,  all  of  the  cement  may  be  made  to  pass 
to  the  bottom  of  the  flask  with  almost  perfect  elimination 
of  air,  thereby  displacing  the  benzine.  See  that  all  of  the 
cement  enters  the  flask,  by  brushing  scale  pan,  weighing 
paper,  rod  and  funnel.  The  funnel  used  in  introducing 
the  cement  must  be  perfectly  dry;  otherwise  some  of  the 
cement  will  be  prevented  from  entering  and  the  test  will 
be  spoiled. 

The  displaced  benzine  rises  to  some  division  in  the 
graduated  neck,  as  0.8,  shown  by  the  line  in  Fig.  7;  and 
this  plus  20  c.c.  (the  vol.  of  bulb),  making  20.8  c.c.,  is  the 
volume  of  the  65  grams  of  cement;  and 

~      p     _  weight  of  the  cement  _  65  gms.  _ 
displaced  volume          20.8  c.c. 

To  prevent  evaporation  the  flask  should  always  be 
grasped  above  the  benzine.  The  room  should  be  cool  and 
free  from  air  currents.  The  flask  may  be  immersed  in 
water  to  keep  it  at  a  constant  temperature. 

Cleaning  the  Flask.  To  empty  the  flask,  shake  it 
vigorously  to  loosen  the  cement,  then  invert  quickly  over 
a  large  jar  and  shake  with  a  vertical  motion.  Add  a  small 
amount  of  clear  benzine  and  repeat  the  operation  until  all 
the  cement  is  removed.* 

The  benzine  should  be  filtered  and  used  again. 

*  A  thorough  cleaning  of  the  lower  bulb  is  not  necessary  between  tests, 
but  the  neck  must  always  be  kept  clean. 


l8  CEMENT  TESTING 

Conclusion.  In  order  to  draw  conclusions  from  a  specific 
gravity  test,  the  operator  must  be  familiar  with  the  specific 
gravity  of  the  brand  of  cement  he  is  working  with,  as 
different  brands  vary  greatly.  When  a  sample  tests  below 
the  known  average  of  the  brand  it  must  be  subjected  to 
further  examination  for  adulterants,  and  an  additional 
specific  gravity  test  should  be  made  on  an  ignited  sample, 
to  see  that  the  low  specific  gravity  is  not  due  to  excessive 
seasoning. 

The  final  rejection  or  acceptance  must  be  based  on  the 
results  of  the  strength  tests,  modified  by  the  specific  gravity, 
as  the  experience  of  the  operator  indicates. 

REFERENCES. 

Taylor's  "Practical  Cement  Testing,"  pp.  46-51,  58-63;  John- 
son's, "Materials  of  Construction,"  Art.  311;  "Standard  Methods 
of  Testing  and  Specifications  for  Cement,"  Pars.  8-19. 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY. 


Apparatus 

Condition  of  Sample 


Brand 

fa 

Wefyhf 

6>f 

Sample 

frtcre&fe 
of 

Vo/ume 

$p*cffic 

Gr&v/ty 

Average 

Remarks 


CHAPTER  V. 

NORMAL  CONSISTENCY,   MIXING,   TIME  OF  SET. 

Significance.  Different  percentages  of  water  used  in 
making  the  pastes,*  for  soundness  tests,  setting  tests, 
briquettes  for  strength  tests,  etc.,  cause  the  same  sample 
of  cement  to  give  widely  varying  results.  Likewise,  these 
results  are  affected  by  a  difference  in  the  amount  of  working 
that  the  pat  receives.  Therefore,  it  is  necessary  to  fix  some 
standard  by  which  the  amount  of  water  may  always  be 
kept  uniform,  and  the  amount  of  working  always  the  same. 

Standard.  The  standard  requires  the  use  of  such  a 
quantity  of  water  as  will,  with  a  definite  amount  of  working, 
reduce  the  cement  to  a  certain  state  of  plasticity,  called 
normal  consistency.  The  plasticity  recommended  by  the 
Standard  Specifications  is  such  that  the  plunger  of  a  Vicat 
apparatus  will  sink  to  a  point  in  the  mass  10  mm.  below  the 
top  of  the  ring. 

Apparatus.  Vicat  apparatus,  scales,  glass  plate  and  rub- 
ber ring,  burette  (Fig.  8  or  Fig.  36).  The  Vicat  apparatus 
is  the  one  now  used  almost  entirely.  This  consists  of  a 
frame  (k),  (Fig.  9),  in  which  a  rod  (/)  moves.  There  are  two 
caps  (a  and  d)  which  may  be  placed  on  the  upper  end  of 

*  The  term  paste  is  used  to  designate  a  mixture  of  cement  and  water, 
and  the  term  mortar  a  mixture  of  cement,  sand  and  water. 

20 


NORMAL  CONSISTENCY,  MIXING,  TIME  OF  SET        21 


the  rod  (/)  and  a  needle  (k)  i  mm.  in  diameter,  or  cylinder 
(b)  i  cm.  in  diameter  (0.39  in.),  at  the  lower  end  and  held 
by  a  thumbscrew  (g).  The  caps  (d  and  a) 
are  of  such  weight  that  when  used  with 
the  needle  or  cylinder  respectively,  their 


FIG. 


FIG.  9. 


weight  together  with  the  rod  (/)  is  300  grams.  To  the 
rod  (/),  which  can  be  held  in  any  desired  position  by  the 
thumbscrew  (/),  is  attached  an  indicator,  which  moves 
over  a  scale  (graduated  to  millimeters)  attached  to 
the  frame  (k).  The  paste  is  placed  in  a  rubber  ring  (i) 
4  cm.  high  and  7  cm.  in  diameter  at  the  base  and  slightly 
tapering  to  the  top,  resting  on  a  glass  plate  (/)  about 
10  cm.  square. 

Mixing.  Weigh  out  500  grams  of  cement  and  form  it 
into  a  crater  about  4  inches  in  diameter  (Fig.  10).  For 
first  trial,  into  this  crater  pour,  all  at  one  time,  a  quantity 


22  CEMENT  TESTING 

of  water  equal  in  amount  to  about  20  per  cent  of  the  weight 
of  the  cement.  With  a  trowel  turn  the  cement  from  the 
outside  edges,  into  the  water,  a  little  at  a  time,  till  the 
crater  is  filled  and  the  water  is  absorbed.  This  should 
take  about  a  minute's  time.  Now  turn  this  mixture  over 

two  or  three  times  with  the  trowel 
to  distribute  equally  the  wet 
cement,  and  form  into  a  pile. 
Knead  the  mixture  vigorously  for 
1 1  minutes,  much  as  dough  is 
kneaded  for  bread.  The  process  is 
best  described  as  follows :  Place  the 

hands,  with  the  fingers  and  thumbs  touching,  over  the  top 
of  the  pile,  the  wrists  resting  on  the  table.  Then  push 
rapidly  forward  with  a  downward  pressure  of  about  15 
pounds  and  at  the  same  time  close  the  fingers  in,  so  as  to 
squeeze  the  pile.  Do  this  two  or  three  times.  Then  turn 
the  pile  at  an  angle  of  90  degrees  and  continue  the  kneading. 
At  the  end  of  a  minute  and  a  half,  form  the  paste  into  a  ball 
and  toss  from  one  hand  to  the  other  six  times,  holding  the 
hands  6  inches  apart.* 

To  Make  the  Test.  Press  the  ball  into  the  large  end  of 
the  rubber  ring  of  the  Vicat  apparatus,  smooth  off  and 
place  on  a  glass  plate  with  the  large  end  down.  Smooth 
the  top  with  a  trowel,  using  light  pressure.  Place  the  ring 
under  the  Vicat  plunger;  set  the  plunger  in  contact  with 

*  To  secure  uniformity  of  results,  these  directions  must  be  followed  to 
the  letter. 


NORMAL   CONSISTENCY,   MIXING,   TIME   OF   SET        23 

the  surface,  read  the  scale  and  quickly  release  the 
plunger. 

Take  the  final  reading  on  the  scale  when  perceptible 
motion  has  ceased.  The  paste  is  of  normal  consistency 
when  the  plunger  penetrates  10  mm.  below  the  surface. 
If  the  correct  penetration  is  not  obtained,  discard  the  sample 
and  make  another  trial,  using  more  or  less  water  as  re- 
quired. Continue  until  the  right  percentage  of  water  is 
found.  Record  on  blanks  similar  to  the  one  shown  at  the 
end  of  the  chapter. 

The  Vicat  apparatus  must  always  be  kept  exceptionally 
clean. 

During  all  mixing  operations  the  hands  should  be  pro- 
tected with  rubber  gloves. 

TIME  OF  SET. 

Significance.  The  time  of  set  gives  no  indication  of  the 
strength  or  soundness  of  a  cement.  But  it  is  very  important 
to  know  the  time  of  initial  set  (the  time  which  elapses  from 
the  moment  water  is  added  to  the  cement  until  the  paste 
ceases  to  be  plastic,  or  when  crystallization  begins),  and 
final  set  (the  time  taken  to  become  a  hard  mass). 

Handling  the  cement  after  it  commences  to  set,  or  after 
the  process  of  crystallization  or  hardening  has  begun,  will 
weaken  it  and  cause  it  to  disintegrate.  It  is,  therefore, 
very  important  to  know  how  long  a  time  may  be  allowed 
in  mixing  and  placing  a  batch  of  cement  without  injury  to 


24  CEMENT  TESTING 

it,  and  after  it  is  placed  how  long  it  will  take  it  to  harden 
so  that  the  forms  may  be  removed.  It  should  harden  as 
quickly  as  possible  after  initial  set.  It  usually  takes  con- 
siderable time  for  mixing  and  placing  concrete  (the  form 
in  which  cement  is  most  generally  used) ;  therefore,  a  cement 
should  have  a  slow  "  initial  set  "  but  reach  "  final  set  "  soon 
after. 

These  periods  are  arbitrarily  measured  by  the  penetration 
of  weighted  wires  of  given  diameter,  as  the  needle  of  the 
Vicat  apparatus. 

Things  Affecting  the  Time  of  Set.  Fineness,  allowing 
the  water  to  reach  the  interior  of  the  particles  more  easily, 
increases  the  rapidity  of  setting. 

Long  standing  cements  absorb  moisture  from  the  air 
and  lose  their  hydraulic  property. 

The  greater  the  amount  of  water  used  in  mixing,  the 
slower  will  be  the  set. 

Increased  temperature  of  the  mixing  water  hastens  the 
time  of  set. 

To  Make  the  Test.  The  Vicat  apparatus  with  needle 
is  used.  Mix  500  grams  of  cement  to  a  paste  of  normal 
consistency.  Record  the  time  of  adding  the  water.  Place 
the  paste  in  the  Vicat  ring  as  in  normal  consistency  tests, 
bring  the  Vicat  needle  into  contact  with  the  surface,  and 
release  quickly.  Find  to  what  mark  the  needle  should 
descend  to  be  5  mm.  from  the  bottom  of  the  ring.  Release 
needle  at  intervals  till  set  occurs. 

Initial  set  is  said  to  have  occurred  when  the  needle 


NORMAL   CONSISTENCY,   MIXING,   TIME   OF   SET        25 

ceases  to  penetrate  beyond  a  point  5  mm.  from  the  bot- 
tom, and  final  set  when  it  makes  no  indentation. 

Always  see  that  the  needle  and  apparatus  are  clean. 

If  Portland  and  natural  cements  are  to  be  tested  at  the 
same  time,  mix  the  Portland  first,  as  it  requires  more  time 
to  attain  set.  Test  Portland  cement  for  initial  set  after 
15  minutes,  and  natural  after  5  minutes. 

The  rings  with  the  samples  being  tested  should  be  stored 
in  a  damp  closet  during  the  test. 

Conclusions.  Time  of  set  being  influenced  by  so  many 
conditions,  tests  made  by  the'  same  operator  often  do  not 
check  closer  than  10  per  cent  and  by  different  operators 
vary  even  more.  Therefore,  considerable  allowance  should 
be  made  in  judging  a  cement  for  time  of  set.  It  requires 
from  20  to  30  minutes  to  mix  and  place  a  batch  of  concrete 
in  large  work,  but  it  also  takes  much  longer  to  set  than  in 
the  tests;  so  that,  in  general,  a  cement  need  not  be  rejected 
unless  the  mixing  and  placing  on  the  work  takes  two  or 
three  times  as  long  as  the  test  set. 

REFERENCES. 

Normal  Consistency.  Taylor's,  "Practical  Cement  Testing," 
pp.  92  to  95,  120  to  126;  Johnson's,  "Materials  of  Construction,"  Arts. 
316,  318;  "Standard  Methods  of  Testing  and  Specifications  for 
Cement,"  Pars.  27,  37,  52,  59. 

Time  of  Set.  Taylor's  "Practical  Cement  Testing,"  pp.  80  to  83, 
88  and  89;  Johnson's,  "Materials  of  Construction,"  Arts.  164,  312, 
421;  "Standard  Methods  of  Testing  and  Specifications  for  Cement," 
Pars.  37  to  44. 


26 


CEMENT  TESTING 

NORMAL  CONSISTENCY. 


Temperature  of 
Temperature  of 
Humidity  

Mixii 

Room 

ig  Water 

»-, 

Mo. 

'of 

Per  Cent 

of 

Water 

*-»* 

Remarks  ..                                                                          

NORMAL   CONSISTENCY,   MIXING,  TIME  OF  SET       27 

TIME  OF  SET. 

Apparatus 

Temperature  of  Room 

Temperature  of  Mixing  Water .  . 

Humidity 


1 

1 

A 

^^k 

fcli 

^t 

Initia/  $*f 

/V>7^/       ^/ 

355? 

77>77<P 

E/erpsea 
77me 

C/ock 
Time 

E/apseJ 
Time 

Remarks 


CHAPTER  VI. 
CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME. 

Significance.  A  cement  to  be  of  value  must  be  per- 
fectly sound;  that  is,  it  must  remain  constant  in  volume 
and  not  disintegrate  or  crumble.  Although  normal  tests 
give  more  reliable  results,  it  usually  takes  considerable 
time  for  the  natural  causes  to  take  effect;  and  it  is  neces- 
sary to  know  these  effects  at  once.  It  has,  therefore,  be- 
come necessary  to  develop,  in  some  way,  those  qualities 
which  tend  to  destroy  the  strength  and  durability  of  a 
cement. 

Tests  devised  to  do  this  are  known  as  accelerated  tests. 
Failure  is  revealed  by  cracking,  checking,  swelling,  or  dis- 
integrating, or  by  a  combination  of  all  of  these  phenomena. 

Causes  of  Unsoundness.  Excess  of  free  or  loosely  com- 
bined lime,  which  has  not  become  sufficiently  hydrated, 
excess  of  magnesia  and  alkalies,  and  sometimes  sulphides, 
insufficient  seasoning  and  coarse  grinding  are  all  causes  of 
unsoundness.* 

Kinds  of  Tests.  There  are  two  classes  of  tests,  viz., 
normal  and  accelerated,  (i)  Normal  tests  are  made  in 
either  air  or  water,  kept  at  a  constant  temperature  as  near 

*  For  a  very  complete  treatise  on  soundness,  see  Taylor's  "  Practical 
Cement  Testing." 

28 


CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME  2Q 

70°  as  possible.     (2)   Accelerated  tests  are  made  in  air, 
steam  or  water  at  a  temperature  of  115°  F.  and  higher. 

Apparatus.  Glass  plate  4  ins.  by  4  ins.  by  f  in.;  small 
trowel  (Fig.  n),  boiling  apparatus  (Fig.  32). 

To  Make  the  Tests.     Weigh  out  500  grams  of  cement, 
and  mix  into  a  paste  of  nor- 
mal consistency,  from  which 
make     four    pats     and    one 
ball.*  FIG.  ii. 

The  pats  must  be  about  3  inches  in  diameter  and  from 
|  to  |  inch  thick  at  the  center,  sloping  to  a  very  thin, 
smooth  edge  at  the  circumference.  In  shaping  these  pats, 

place  on  a  glass  plate  about 
4  inches  square  (using  no 
oil  on  glass)  an  amount  of 
cement  which  will  almost 

cover   the   plate   and  will 
FIG.  12.  i     .     ,      .        ,  .  n 

measure  ^  inch  in  thick- 
ness at  the  center.  Holding  the  plate  in  the  left  hand, 
shape  the  cement  into  a  cone  with  an  altitude  from  f  inch 
to  J  inch  and  a  base  about  3  inches  in  diameter.  Work 
the  cement  to  a  thin,  smooth  and  uniform  surface  by 
troweling  and  turning  the  pat,  the  trowel  being  inclined 
from  handle  to  point  at  an  angle  (about  18°)  which  will 
reduce  the  thickness  of  the  cement  from  \  inch  in  the 
center  to  a  very  thin  edge  at  the  circumference  (Fig.  12). 
To  shape  the  ball,  take  enough  of  the  paste  to  form  a  ball 

*  The  ball  test  is  no  longer  a  standard  test. 


i 


30  CEMENT  TESTING 

ij  inches  in  diameter  and  shape  by  rolling  in  the  hand,  as 
in  making  a  snowball. 

Date  all  specimens,  and  if  different  cements  are  being 
tested  give  each  pat  and  ball  a  distinguishing  mark.  Store 
in  a  damp  closet  for  24  hours. 

For  the  normal  tests,  one  pat  is  placed  in  a  water  storage 
tank  for  28  days.  The  water  must  be  maintained  as  near 
70°  F.  as  possible.  A  second  pat  must  be  placed  in  air 
maintained  at  ordinary  temperature  and  humidity.  These 
pats  must  be  observed  at  intervals  of  3,  7,  14,  21  and  28 
days,  and  any  changes  in  their  condition  should  be  noted  on 
suitable  blanks,  as  shown  at  the  end  of  the  chapter. 

For  accelerated  tests,  place  the  two  remaining  pats  on 
the  wire  screen  above  the  water  of  the  boiling  apparatus* 
(Fig.  32),  and  the  ball  on  the  wire  screen  in  the  water. 
Boil  for  five  hours  and  examine  for  signs  of  failure,  such  as 
cracking,  discoloration,  loosening  from  the  plate,  warping, 
etc.,  and  record  condition.  The  water  in  the  boiling  ap- 
paratus should  be  changed  often. 

Conclusions.  To  pass  satisfactorily,  pats  should  remain 
hard  and  firm  and  show  no  signs  of  cracking,  distortion  or 
disintegration. 

Experience  is  necessary  to  judge  correctly  from  the  ap- 
pearance of  test  specimens  whether  a  cement  be  rejected 
or  not.f  Shrinkage  or  expansion  cracks,  small  radial 
cracks  at  the  edge  or  a  short,  circumferential  split,  must 

*  See  description  in  Chapter  X,  p.  75. 
f  Taylor,  pp.  178,  179,  182. 


CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME  31 

not  be  confused  and  interpreted  as  disintegration.  These 
usually  come  from  a  too  wet  mixture  or  poor  working. 
Leaving  the  plate  cannot  be  considered  as  dangerous, 
unless  curling,  thickening  at  the  center,  or  other  distortion 
is  very  marked.  Cracking  of  the  plate,  which  takes  place 
only  in  the  case  of  water  pats,  does  not  indicate  unsound- 
ness.  A  blotched  or  discolored  pat  usually  means  an 
adulterated  or  underburned  cement  and  needs  investigation 
as  to  the  cause. 

Usually,  if  pats,  either  in  the  normal  or  accelerated  tests, 
show  only  slight  signs  of  failure,  it  is  well  to  hold  the 
cement  for  further  tests  and  development  of  the  present 
one.  The  further  tests  should  always  be  made  in  such  a 
case,  as  well  as  a  continuation  of  the  first  one.  Sometimes 
a  new  cement  which  appears  unsound  in  the  first  test  will 
show  perfectly  sound  after  aging  a  short  time. 

REFERENCES. 

Taylor's,  "Practical  Cement  Testing,"  pp.  156,  162,  166,  171; 
Johnson's,  "Materials  of  Construction,"  Arts.  313,  314;  "Standard 
Methods  of  Testing  and  Specifications  of  Cement,"  Pars.  69  to  76. 


32 


CEMENT  TESTING 


CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME. 
Percentage  of  Water  used  in  Mixing 


W 
^^ 

Concf/tien  of  Pat 

</• 

Cement  Brand 

\ 
^ 

•S 

*> 

% 

* 

7 

14 

tl 

28 

Pat-$  /n  water 

7 

14 

71 

28 

Condition  of  Ball 

Condition  of  Pat  steamed  3  Hours 


Conclusions 


CHAPTER  VII. 
TENSILE  STRENGTH. 

Use.  Cement  is  used  in  compression,  but  since  there  is 
a  certain  fairly  definite  relation  between  its  strength  in 
compression  and  tension,  the  accepted  method  for  deter- 
mining this  strength  is  the  use  of  a  tensile  test,  which  is  the 
test  most  easily  performed.  It  is  made  by  mixing  the 
cement  into  a  paste,  or  the  cement  and  sand  into  a  mortar, 
and  molding  into  test  specimens  or  briquettes,  which  are 
allowed  to  set  and  are  tested  at  the  end  of  i,  7  and  28  days, 
or,  in  some  cases,  at  longer  intervals.  Strength  tests  of 
mortar  briquettes  are  of  much  greater  importance  than  are 
neat  cement  tests,  as  it  is  in  the  form  of  a  mortar  that 
cement  is  used. 

FACTORS  AFFECTING  STRENGTH. 

Composition.  Aluminates  are  presumably  responsible 
for  the  setting,  and  silicates  for  the  final  hardening;  there- 
fore, high  aluminates  will  give  a  cement  a  higher  early 
strength  and  a  lower  ultimate,  and  vice  versa. 

Aging.  Cement  should  not  age  longer  than  necessary 
for  manufacture,  as  this  will  lower  the  initial  strength  and, 
if  it  is  allowed  to  continue  much  longer,  the  ultimate 
strength. 

33 


34 


CEMENT   TESTING 


Fineness.  Fineness  will,  in  general,  weaken  neat  cement, 
but  will  strengthen  sand  mortar.  This  increase  in  strength 
of  sand  mortar  is  due  to  the  fact  that  fine  cement  more 
thoroughly  covers  the  sand  grains,  while  in  the  neat  the 
weakening  seems  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that,  in  a  coarse 
briquette,  the  line  of  break  passes  around,  rather  than 
through  the  grains,  thereby  increasing  the  breaking  area. 
Amount  of  Water.  The  amount  of  water  used  in  mixing 
and  the  method  employed  seem  to  affect  the  strength  of 
the  cement  greatly.  (Chap.  V.) 

Apparatus.  Briquette  molds,  either 
single  (Fig.  13)  or  gang  (Fig.  14), 
glass  plate  the  size  of  the  mold. 

To      Make      the      Test.      (Neat 
Cement.)     Weigh  out  800  grams  of 
cement    (which    will    make    5    bri- 
quettes), mix  to  normal  consistency  and  fill  the  molds  as 


FIG.  13. 


FIG.  14. 

follows.     (The  molding  of  the  briquettes  is  perhaps  the 
most  important  factor  in  cement  testing.) 

Place  a  well-oiled  mold  on  an  oiled  glass  plate,*  sides 
toward  the  operator,  put  enough  cement  to  half  fill  the 
molds  into  each  opening,  and  press  it  lightly  and  evenly 

*  Plate  should  be  of  the  same  width  as  the  outside  of  the  molds  and 
enough  longer  tc  rest  on  the  cleats  of  the  damp  closet  to  be  used. 


TENSILE   STRENGTH  35 

into  the  bottom  of  the  molds.  Do  this  with  the  fingers 
and  thumbs,  never  with  a  tamper  of  any  sort.  Place 
enough  cement  in  and  above  the  molds  to  more  than  fill 
them;  turn  the  molds  90°  and  begin  at  the  end  farthest 
away  to  press,  without  ramming,  the  cement  into  the  molds 
with  the  thumbs,  gripping  the  sides  of  the  molds  with  the 
fingers  so  as  to  exert  a  pressure  of  about  25  pounds.  Press 
each  briquette  in  this  manner  three  times,  once  at  each 
end  and  once  in  the  middle.  Turn  the  mold  back  to  the 
original  position,  add  more  material  and  smooth  off  with 
a  trowel,  using  about  5  pounds  pressure.  The  smoothing 
should  be  a  cutting  action,  taking  away  the  excess  material 
and  yet  filling  in  all  the  openings.  With  a  few  final  strokes 
of  the  trowel,  make  the  surface  perfectly  smooth  and  press 
the  cement  well  up  to  the  sides.  Place  a  glass  plate  on  top 
and  turn  the  mold  over,  and  smooth  the  bottom  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  top,  by  adding  material  and  troweling.  The 
mold  resting  on  the  glass  plate  is  now  placed  in  a  damp 
closet  for  24  hours,  when  the  briquettes  are  removed  from 
the  molds  and  stored  on  edge  in  water.  They  must  remain 
here  until  they  are  to  be  broken,  which  should  be  done 
immediately  after  removal  from  the  water. 

Make  enough  briquettes  so  that  five  may  be  broken  at 
each  period  called  for,  usually  i,  7  and  28  days,  though 
often  the  i-day  tests  are  omitted. 


36  CEMENT  TESTING 

MORTAR  BRIQUETTES. 

To  Make  the  Test.     Weigh  out  materials  as  follows:* 

For  Portland  cement,  i  to  3  mortar,  cement  250  grams, 
sand  750  grams. 

For  natural  cement,  i  to  2  mortar,  cement  300  grams, 
sand  600  grams. 

Determine  the  percentage  of  water  by  Taylor's  formula, 
as  follows  : 


4  (n  +  i) 
where 

X  =  per  cent  of  water  for  the  sand  mixture; 
N  =  per  cent  of  water  for  the  neat  cement  ; 
n  =  parts  of  sand  to  one  of  cement  by  weight; 
S  =  a  constant  depending  on  the  character  of  the 
sand  and  consistency  desired.    (For  Ottawa  sand, 
S  =  25;    for  bar  sand,   5  =  27  to  33;  usually 
use  33.) 

The  method  of  mixing  and  filling  the  molds  is  the  same 
as  for  the  neat  briquettes,  except  that  the  amount  of  water 
is  determined  as  above,  and  the  cement  and  sand  are 
mixed  dry  to  a  uniform  color  before  forming  into  a  crater. 
Make  six  briquettes  of  each  cement,  three  to  be  tested 
at  each  period  of  7  and  28  days.  Briquettes  should  be 
stored  in  water  in  a  damp  closet  (the  same  as  the  neat), 
after  being  marked  with  the  necessary  information  as  to 
brand,  proportions  of  sand,  etc. 

*  This  amount  should  be  sufficient  to  fill  4  3-gang  molds. 


TENSILE   STRENGTH 


37 


BREAKING. 

Test  pieces  must  be  broken  as  soon  as  they  are  taken 
from  the  water.  Any  standard  machine  (Figs.  21-25) 
may  be  used,  but  it  should  be  supplied  with  the  solid  metal 
clips  (Fig.  15),  as  they  are  the  ones  recommended  by  the 
Standard  Specifications.  Clips  should  be 
used  without  cushioning  the  points  of 
contact.  Great  care  must  be  observed 
to  center  the  briquettes  in  the  clips  and 
to  see  that  they  are  free  from  sand,  in 
order  to  avoid  cross-strains,  which  cause 
clip  breaks.  Apply  the  load  slowly,  as 
a  suddenly  applied  load  may  produce 
vibration  or  shock,  which  will  cause  the 
briquette  to  break  before  the  ultimate 
strength  is  reached.  The  Standard  Spec- 
ifications recommend  that  the  rate  of 
application  of  pressure  be  600  pounds  per  minute.  The 
average  value  of  the  briquettes  of  one  sample  broken 
should  be  taken,  with  high  or  low  results  excluded. 

Conclusions.  A  cement,  to  be  acceptable,  should  fulfil 
the  following  conditions  in  the  tension  test:  "  (i)  Both  neat 
and  sand  briquettes  shall  pass  a  minimum  specified  amount 
at  7  and  28  days.  (2)  That  the  neat  value  at  7  days  shall 
not  be  excessive.  (3)  There  shall  be  no  falling  off  between 
7  and  28  days  in  neat  test.  (4)  Sand  tests  must  show  an 
increase  of  at  least  10  to  15  per  cent.  (5)  Sand  tests  are 
the  true  tests  of  the  strength.  A  cement  failing  in  sand 


FIG.  15. 


38  CEMENT  TESTING 

tests  should  be  rejected  even  if  it  passes  the  neat  test. 
When  the  reverse  is  true,  i.e.,  when  it  passes  the  sand  test 
and  fails  in  the  neat,  cement  may  be  accepted  if  no  signs  of 
unsoundness  have  developed." 

The  following  rules,  given  by  Taylor  in  "  Practical  Cement 
Testing,"  should  be  followed. 

"  At  7  days:  Reject  on  a  decidedly  low  sand  strength. 
Hold  for  28  days  on  low  or  excessively  high  neat  strength, 
or  a  sand  strength  barely  failing  to  pass  requirements. 

"At  28  days:  Reject  on  failure  in  either  neat  or  sand 
strength.  Reject  on  retrogression  in  sand  strength,  even 
if  passing  the  28-day  requirements.  Reject  on  retrogres- 
sion in  neat  strength,  if  there  is  any  indication  of  poor 
quality,  or  if  the  7-day  test  is  low;  otherwise  accept. 

"  Accept  if  failing  slightly  in  either  neat  or  sand  at  7 
days  and  passing  at  28  days." 

REFERENCES. 

For  Neat.  Taylor's  "Practical  Cement  Testing,"  pp.  120-125; 
Johnson's,  "Materials  of  Construction,"  Arts.  315,  316,  319,  320, 
323,  324  and  325;  "Standard  Methods  of  Testing  and  Specifications 
for  Cement,"  Pars.  59-69. 

For  Mortar.  Taylor's  "Practical  Cement  Testing,"  pp.  108,  114, 
120-125;  Johnson's  "Materials  of  Construction,"  Arts.  317-319, 
406-411;  Taylor  and  Thompson's  "Concrete:  Plain  and  Rein- 
forced," pp.  132,  133;  "Standard  Methods  of  Testing  and  Specifica- 
tions for  Cement,"  Pars.  35-36. 


TENSILE   STRENGTH 


39 


TENSILE   STRENGTH. 
(Neat  Cement.) 


Machine  used  for  Breaking 

Per  cent  of  Water  used  in  Mixing.. 


Aye 

Brarnaf                   Afo. 

£5r&r?af                    f\fo. 

7er75//e 
$fre/7q/h 

Pev/artier? 
from  Mearr? 

7ef?s//e 
$trer?gJJ? 

Pe  war  tier? 
frem  Macrr? 

Rrunds 

Per-  Cent 

founds 

frr&nf 

7 
Pays 

Mean 

Remarks 


CEMENT  TESTING 


TENSILE  STRENGTH. 
(Mortar.) 


Machine  used  for  Breaking... 


Brarnef 

.* 

Cement 

* 

ll 
^ 

** 

a* 

ll 

75/75/%P 

Zfrengfh 

Deviation  from  Mean. 

Pounds 

Per  Cent 

Pays 

28 

Pays 

P0r/£ 

?8 
Pays 

Pay* 

~z.e 
Pt*y*^ 

/ 

/ 

Remarks 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
COMPRESSIVE  STRENGTH  AND  TRANSVERSE  TESTS. 

Compressive  Strength.  In  the  United  States,  compres- 
sion tests  are  not  used  as  standard  tests  for  the  reception 
of  a  cement,  but  where  a  concrete  is  required  to  be  tested, 
or  where  a  comparison  test  of  different  sands  and  stones 
that  are  to  be  used  in  concrete  is  to  be  made,  the  com- 
pression test  is  necessary  as  the  size  of  the  aggregate 
requires  the  use  of  larger  specimens  than  the  regular  bri- 
quettes of  the  tension  tests. 

The  form  and  size  of  the  specimen  most  generally  used 
are  two-inch  cubes  for  mortar  and  six-inch  cubes  for  con- 
crete. Cylinders  six  inches  in  diameter  and  ten  inches  to 
twelve  inches  deep  are  preferable  for  concrete  because  the 
ease  of  rilling  and  packing  them  makes  the  specimens  of 
this  size  more  uniform. 

In  order  that  there  may  be  proper  contact  between  the 
testing  machine  and  the  specimen,  the  bearing  surfaces  of 
the  specimen  should  be  smoothed  to  true  planes,  and  to 
correct  any  slight  angle  between  the  bearing  surfaces,  one 
surface  should  rest  on  a  plate  having  a  ball  and  socket 
joint. 

Blotting  paper  or  plaster  of  Paris  should  be  placed  be- 
tween the  block  and  the  machine  to  counteract  the  irregu- 

41 


42  CEMENT  TESTING 

larities  in  the  specimen;  this  will,  however,  slightly  lower 
the  strength. 

Molds.  Four  gang  2-inch  cube  molds  (Fig.  16)  are  gen- 
erally used,  but  the  size  depends  to  some  extent  on  the 
capacity  of  the  machines  obtainable  for  breaking  the 
specimens. 

To  Make  the  Test.  Oil  the  molds  and  glass  plate  thor- 
oughly before  mixing. 

Neat.  Weigh  out  900  grams  of  cement  (if  2-inch  cubes 
are  to  be  used)  and  mix  by  standard  methods,  as  given 


FIG.  16. 

under  Normal  Consistency.  Fill  the  molds  in  a  manner 
similar  to  that  described  for  briquettes,  mark  and  place  in 
the  damp  closet  for  24  hours.  Remove  the  cubes  from  the 
molds  and  place  in  water.  Do  not  take  from  the  water  until 
ready  to  break.  Test  the  cubes  at  the  end  of  7  and  28  days. 

Mortar.  Weigh  out  400  grams  of  cement  and  1 200  grams 
of  sand  for  1:3  mortar,  or  550  grams  of  cement  and 
1 1 oo  grams  of  sand  for  i  :  2  mortar. 

Determine  the  amount  of  water  to  use  and  fill  the  molds, 
following  directions  given  for  mortar  briquettes.  Place  in 
a  damp  closet,  remove  from  the  molds,  store  and  break, 
using  directions  given  under  Neat. 


COMPRESSIVE   STRENGTH  AND   TRANSVERSE   TESTS      43 

Breaking.  Use  an  ordinary  universal  testing  machine 
(Fig.  29)  of  30,000  capacity  (for  2-inch  cubes),  with  com- 
pression tool  in  the  moving  head.  Place  the  cube  exactly 
in  the  center  of  the  machine.  (This  can  be  done  by  means 
of  the  circles  cut  in  the  table  of  the  machine.)  Run  the 
head  down  until  nearly  in  contact  with  the  cube,  with 
medium  speed;  change  to  the  slowest  speed  and  apply 
load,  keeping  the  beam  balanced  until  the  cube  yields  under 
the  load. 

Conclusion.  The  results  of  compressive  tests  are  to  be 
interpreted  in  accordance  with  the  same  general  rules  as  for 
tension  tests.  There  is  a  ratio  between  compression  and  ten- 
sile strength,  which  varies  from  5  to  10  for  average  results.* 

TRANSVERSE  TESTS. 
(Modulus  of  Rupture.) 

Molds.  The  molds  for  this  test  are  usually  i-in.  by  i-in. 
by  i3-in.  beam  molds,  though  sometimes  i^-in.  by  ij-in.  by 
i3-in.  or  2-in.  by  2-in.  by  i3~in.  molds  are  used;  6  beams 
will  give  a  very  good  average  result.  Fig.  17  shows  a  gang 
mold. 

To  Make  the  Tests.  Oil  the  molds  and  the  glass  platef 
thoroughly.  Weigh  out  1000  grams  of  cement;  mix  and 
fill  the  molds  in  the  same  manner  as  for  briquettes  or  cubes. 
When  using  gang  molds  do  not  try  to  turn  the  molds  over, 

*  See  discussion  in  "Materials  of  Construction  "  by  J.  B.  Johnson,  and 
Practical  Cement  Testing,  p.  215. 

t  If  glass  plate  large  enough  for  gang  mold  is  wanting,  a  water-soaked 
asbestos  board  may  be  used. 


44  CEMENT  TESTING 

but  use  extra  precautions  to  see  that  the  cement  fills  the 
bottom  of  the  molds.  Place  in  damp  closet  for  24  hours; 
remove  from  the  molds  and  place  in  storage  water  for  7 
days,  and  then  break. 


FIG.  17. 

Breaking.  Beams  should  be  broken  on  the  long  lever 
testing  machine  with  special  attachment  (see  description 
on  p.  70),  using,  if  possible,  a  1 2-inch  span.  Should  any 
beams  be  broken  in  handling  before  being  tested,  they  may 
be  broken  at  shorter  spans.  Reports  of  this  test  should 
include  the  calculations. 

Calculations.  The  modulus  of  rupture  is  calculated  by 
the  formula 

i  •  W  L 
R  =  ° — ^77;'  which  for  i-inch  square  specimens  becomes 

R=$W.L,m  which 

2 

W  =  the  center  load  in  pounds, 
L  =  the  length  of  span  in  inches, 
B  =  width  of  the  specimen, 
H  =  the  depth. 


COMPRESSIVE   STRENGTH  AND   TRANSVERSE   TESTS      45 

Illustration.  Suppose  a  beam  i  in.  by  i  in.  on  a  1 2-inch 
span  breaks  with  a  center  load  of  50  pounds;  then 

R  =  $W.L  =  -  X  50  X  12  =  900  inch-pounds. 

2  2 

Another  beam  2  ins.  by  2  ins.  on  a  1 2-inch  span  breaks  with 
400  pounds,  center  load. 

3  -W.L       3  X  400  X  12 

R  = — :  =  —  —  =  ooo  inch-pounds. 

2-B.H2         2X2X4 

Conclusion.  There  is  a  ratio*  between  transverse 
strength  and  tensile  strength  varying  between  1.3  and  2.5. 
By  assuming  an  average  of  1.5  and  multiplying  the  modulus 
of  rupture  by  this  average,  an  approximate  estimate  of  the 
tensile  strength  may  be  obtained.  However,  this  is  rather 
unsatisfactory,  since  transverse  specimens  are  subject  to  so 
many  variations.  A  cement  should  never  be  condemned  by 
a  transverse  test  alone,  unless  a  series  of  tests  shows  a  very 
low  value. 

REFERENCES. 

Compression  Tests  (Neat).  Taylor's  "Practical  Cement  Testing,'* 
pp.  212-216;  Johnson's  "Materials  of  Construction,"  Arts.  280,  315, 
326.  (Mortar)  Taylor,  pp.  212-216;  Taylor  and  Thompson's  "Con- 
crete: Plain  and  Reinforced,"  p.  136;  Sabin's  "Cement  and  Con- 
crete," Art.  52. 

Modulus  of  Rupture.  Taylor's  "  Practical  Cement  Testing," 
pp.  216,  217,  231-234. 

*  The  student  should  compare  tension  and  transverse  tests  and  ascertain 
the  ratio. 


CEMENT  TESTING 


COMPRESSIVE  STRENGTH. 
(Neat  Cement.) 


Machine  used  for  Crushing. 


Per  Cent  of  Water  used  in  Mixing 


! 

1 

<b       <b 
^      N 
^      ^ 

U/t/mc*fe 
Load 

\  ^ 
^    ^ 

H 

v2  ^ 

Peviaf/en  from 
Mean  5frenqttt 

R>unci$ 

<rf& 

1 

K 

Mean 

1 

JO 
«^J 

Mean 

Remarks . .  . 


COMPRESSIVE   STRENGTH   AND   TRANSVERSE   TESTS      47 


COMPRESSIVE  STRENGTH. 
(Mortar.) 


Machine  used  in  Crushing. 


Cement 
Bran 


11 


28 


Peviath'orr 
from  Mecrrr 


fhs. 


Remarks 


CEMENT  TESTING 


MODULUS  or  RUPTURE. 

(Neat.) 


Brand  of  Cement 

Per  Cent  of  Water  used  in  Mixing. . 
Machine  used  in  Breaking 


Section 

of 
Be&rr? 

Spar? 

Central 
Load 

Modulus  of  Rupture 
Ibs.  per  5a.  inch. 

Mean 

- 

Remarks 


CHAPTER  IX. 
SAND  AND   STONE. 

_  .aa**""'"' 

SAND. 

THE  variation  in  the  strength  of  mortars,  due  to  different 
kinds  of  sand,  is  so  great  that  to  obtain  uniformity  of  tests 
in  different  laboratories  and  by  different  workers  in  cement, 
it  was  necessary  to  adopt  a  standard  sand.  There  are  two 
in  use:  one,  a  standard  quartz,  open  to  objection  on 
account  of  its  high  per  cent  of  voids,  the  difficulty  of  com- 
pacting in  the  molds,  and  lack  of  uniformity;  the  other,  a 
natural  sand  from  Ottawa,  Illinois,  screened  to  pass  a  sieve 
20  meshes  per  linear  inch,  and  retained  on  a  sieve  having 
30  meshes  per  linear  inch.  The  Ottawa  sand  is  recom- 
mended by  the  committee  on  Standard  Specifications,  and 
should  be  the  one  used. 

Test  of  Natural  Sand.  When  a  natural  sand  is  to  be 
used  for  tests  or  work,  it  becomes  necessary  to  determine 
the  percentage  of  voids,  the  uniformity  coefficient  and  the 
effective  size,  in  order  to  properly  proportion  the  sand  and 
cement.  It  is  also  well  to  know  the  amount  of  foreign 
matter,  as  loam,  clay  and  organic  substances,  to  determine 
its  effect  on  the  strength. 

Per  Cent  of  Loam.  (Apparatus:  Scales,  settling  jar, 
glass  stirring  rod,  evaporating  dish,  ring  stand  or  tripod, 

49 


50  CEMENT  TESTING 

Bunsen  burner).    Weigh  the  sand  very  carefully  and  place 
it  in  a  settling  jar.     Add  about  250  c.c.  of  water  and  stir 
vigorously  with  a  glass  rod,  allow  fifteen 
seconds  for  settling  and  decant  the  water,, 
taking  care  that  none  of  the  sediment  at 
the  bottom  escapes.     Repeat  the  opera- 
tion until  the  water  remains  clear  after 
%to  r--«ay     fifteen  seconds  of  stirring;  wash  the  en- 
e^f  tire  contents  of  the  jar  into  a  shallow  pan 

or  evaporating  dish;  drain  off  the  water, 

J X^S^         place  the  pan  and  contents  on  a  ring 

FlG    i8  stand  over  a  Bunsen  burner  (Fig.  18), 

and  thoroughly  dry.  When  cool,  weigh 
and  determine  the  per  cent  of  loam.  The  loss  in  weight  is 
the  weight  of  the  loam. 

MECHANICAL  ANALYSIS. 

The  mechanical  analysis  of  a  sand  or  a  stone  consists  in 
determining  the  fineness  (by  passing  through  various 
sieves),  the  uniformity  coefficient  and  the  effective  size. 

Apparatus.  Sieves  7  inches  in  diameter,  numbers  200, 
150,  100,  70,  60,  50,  40,  30,  20,  10,  with  pan  and  cover; 
scales  and  mechanical  shaker.  (See  p.  74.) 

To  Make  the  Test.  Weigh  out  100  grams  of  sand,  ar- 
range nest  of  sieves  with  largest  on  top,  if  a  mechanical 
shaker  is  to  be  used;  if  the  shaking  is  to  be  done  by  hand, 
only  two  or  three  sieves  can  be  used  at  a  time. 

Put  the  100  grams  of  sand  in  the  top  sieve,  cover  and 


SAND   AND   STONE 


tighten  the  sieves  in  the  machine  and  run  it  for  5  minutes. 
A  like,  time  of  shaking  is  required  for  each  set  of  sieves  taken 
Percent  Passing  Sieves. 


200 


-100 


-40 


-10 


FIG.  19. 

at  a  time,  when  shaken  by  hand.  Weigh  the  amounts 
retained  on  each  sieve  and  caught  in  the  pan.  Record  in 
blanks  similar  to  the  one  shown,  and  plot  curve  (Fig.  19), 


52  CEMENT  TESTING 

showing  size  of  sieves  as  abscissas  and  the  per  cent  passing 
sieves  as  ordinates.  From  the  curves,  determine  the  effective 
size  and  uniformity  coefficient. 

The  uniformity  coefficient  is  the  ratio  of  the  diameter  of 
the  particles  represented  at  the  point  where  the  curve 
crosses  the  60  per  cent  line,  to  the  diameter  of  the  parti- 
cles represented  at  the  point  where  the  curve  crosses  the 
10  per  cent  line.* 

The  effective  size  is  the  size  of  the  particles  at  the  10  per 
cent  point  on  the  curve. 

To  Find  the  Uniformity  Coefficient.  Project  down  from 
the  point  a  on  the  curve  (Fig.  19),  where  the  60  per  cent  line 
intersects  the  curve,  to  the  point  b  on  the  scale  of  sand 
diameters,  and  likewise  from  point  c  to  d.  Divide  the 
reading  at  b  by  that  at  d  and  the  result  is  the  uniformity 
coefficient,  or  0.032  4-  0.006  =  5.25. 

The  effective  size  is  the  reading  at  the  point  d.  f 

Voids  are  the  spaces  between  the  grains  of  sand  or  pieces 
of  crushed  stone. 

Apparatus.  Le  Chatelier  flask,  funnel,  glass  rod,  pipette, 
wooden  rammer  and  small  settling  jar. 

To  Make  the  Test.  Weigh  out  55  grams  of  the  sand  and 
determine  its  specific  gravity  as  directed  in  Chapter  IV, 
substituting  water  for  the  benzine  in  the  Le  Chatelier  flask. 

Determine  the  weight  of  sand  per  unit  of  volume  (i  c.c.) 

*  Sand  having  a  coefficient  over  4.5  is  a  good  coarse  sand.  The  larger 
the  value,  the  better  the  sand. 

f  The  effective  size  is  but  little  used  in  concrete. 


SAND   AND    STONE  53 

by  filling  a  jar  of  known  capacity*  (about  i  liter,  1000  c.c.) 
with  thoroughly  dry  sand.  Fill  the  jar  by  introducing  a 
layer  of  sand  i  inch  thick  and  compacting  it  with  a  wooden 
rammer,  add  another  layer  and  tamp,  and  so  on,  till  the 
jar  is  level  full.  Get  the  net  weight  of  the  sand;  i.e.,  weigh 
the  jar  and  sand,  subtract  the  weight  of  the  jar,  and  com- 
pute the  weight  of  i  c.c.  The  weight  of  sand  in  grams 
divided  by  the  volume  in  cubic  centimeters  will  give  the 
weight  of  sand  per  cubic  centimeter. 

Example: 

Weight  of  jar  and  sand 2650  gms. 

Weight  of  jar 980  gms. 

Weight  of  sand  (1000  c.c.) 1670  gms. 

Weight  of  i  c.c.  =  1.67  gms. 

With  the  weight  of  i  c.c.  and  the  specific  gravity,  com- 
pute the  per  cent  of  voids  as  follows:  Divide  the  weight 
of  sand  per  cubic  centimeter  by  the  specific  gravity  and 
multiply  by  100.  This  product  subtracted  from  100  gives 
the  per  cent  of  voids,  or 

weight  of  sand  per  c.c.  ,      ., 

100 .,.  —  X  ioo  =  per  cent  of  voids 

specific  gravity 

Example: 

Weight  of  sand  per  c.c.  =  1.67 
Specific  gravity  =2.7 

1.67  X  ioo  £      .j 

ioo —  =  38  =  per  cent  of  voids. 

*  The  capacity  can  be  obtained  by  filling  the  jar  with  a  measured  amount 
of  water  or  by  filling  with  water  and  getting  the  weight  of  the  water  in 
grams,  when  each  gram  will  equal  a  cubic  centimeter  of  volume. 


54  CEMENT   TESTING 

Weight  per  Cubic  Foot.  With  the  per  cent  of  voids  just 
obtained  and  the  specific  gravity,  the  weight  per  cubic  foot 
can  be  computed,  as  follows:  Multiply  the  weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  of  water  (62.35  Iks.)  by  the  specific  gravity,  and 
this  product  by  100  minus  the  per  cent  of  voids.  The  result 
is  the  weight  per  cubic  foot,  or 

62.35  Ibs.  (wt.  of  cu.  ft.  of  water)  X  sp.  gr. 

X  (100  —  per  cent  of  voids)  =  wt.  per  cu.  ft. 
Example: 

62.35  Ibs.  X  2.70  X  (100  —  38)  =  104.16  Ibs. 

STONE. 
Mechanical  Analysis. 

Apparatus.  Sieves  with  pan  and  cover  (same  as  those 
used  for  sand);  also,  7 -inch  sieves  with  o.i 5-inch,  o.2o-inch 
and  o.3o-inch  openings,  and  1 2-inch  sieves  with  o.45-inch, 
o.67-inch  and  i.oo-inch  openings.  A  mechanical  sifter  will 
greatly  lessen  the  work  of  the  test. 

To  Make  the  Test.  Weigh  out  10  pounds  of  crushed 
stone,  and  place  it  on  the  i.oo-inch  sieve;  shake  over  a  sheet 
of  paper  till  none  will  pass;  weigh  that  retained  on  the 
sieve;  put  that  caught  by  the  paper  in  the  o. 67-inch  sieve, 
shake  and  weigh  as  before;  repeat  with  the  0.45-01  ch 
sieve.  Arrange  the  sieves  used  in  the  sand  tests,  together 
with  the  o.3o-inch,  o.2o-inch  and  o.i  5-inch  in  order  of 
their  size,  the  largest  on  top,  in  the  mechanical  shaker, 
and  place  the  shakings  from  the  o. 45-inch  sieve  in  the 
top  one.  Shake  for  five  minutes  and  find  the  weight 


SAND   AND   STONE 


55 


retained  on  each  sieve  and  caught  in  the  pan.  Plot  curve 
for  the  stone,  using  the  same  method  as  for  sand,  and  deter- 
mine the  uniformity  coefficient  and  efficient  size. 

VOIDS. 

First  Method. 

Apparatus.  Chemical  balance  with  specific  gravity 
bench,  small  beaker,  cubic  foot  measure  and  platform 
scales. 

Specific  Gravity.  Determine  the  specific  gravity  by  the 
loss  of  weight  in  water  method;  that  is,  weigh  on  the  chemi- 


FIG.  20. 

cal  balance  (Fig.  20),  a  piece  of  the  stone,  first  in  air,  and 
then  suspended  in  water.  The  specific  gravity  will  be  the 
result  obtained  by  dividing  the  weight  in  air  by  the  loss  of 
weight  in  water,  or 

weight  in  air 


bp.  gr. 


loss  of  weight  in  water 


56  CEMENT  TESTING 

To  Make  the  Test.  Determine  the  weight  in  air  in  the 
ordinary  manner.  To  get  the  weight  in  water,  tie  a  very 
fine  thread  around  the  stone,  arrange  the  balance  bench  and 
beaker  as  shown  in  Fig.  20,  see  that  the  stirrup  and  pan  are 
free  from  the  bench,  and  have  the  beaker  about  three- 
quarters  full  of  water.  Tie  the  free  end  of  the  thread  to 
the  stirrup  hook  —  so  that  when  balanced  the  stone  will 
hang  about  the  middle  of  the  water,  and  will  not  touch  the 
sides  of  the  beaker  —  and  weigh.  Subtract  this  weight  from 
the  first,  which  will  give  the  loss  of  weight  in  water.  Divide 
the  first  weight  by  this  loss  of  weight  in  water  and  the 
result  will  be  the  specific  gravity. 

Example: 

Weight  in  air 25.02  gms. 

Weight  in  water 15-76  gms. 

Loss  of  weight  in  water 9.26  gms. 

Sp.gr.  =^f  =  2.7 

9.20 

Weight  of  the  Stone  per  Cubic  Foot.  Use  the  cubic  foot 
measure.  First  get  its  weight  empty.  Then  fill  it  with 
the  stone,  add  a  layer  of  about  3  or  4  inches  at  a  time,  tamp 
each  layer  well  with  a  light  wooden  rammer  and  weigh. 
Subtract  weight  of  the  measure  and  get  the  net  weight  of 
the  stone. 

Example: 

Weight  of  measure  and  stone 104  Ibs. 

Weight  of  measure ••.;.  6  Ibs. 

Net  weight  of  stone 98  Ibs. 

With  this  net  weight  and  the  specific  gravity  found 
above,  calculate  the  per  cent  of  voids.  The  per  cent  of 


SAND   AND    STONE  57 

solid  content  is  the  weight  of  stone  in  pounds  (i  cu.  ft.)  in 
the  measure,  multiplied  by  100  and  divided  by  the  product 
of  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  water  (62.35  Ibs.)  and  the 
specific  gravity  of  the  stone.  This  subtracted  from  100 
gives  the  per  cent  of  voids,  or 

wt.  of  stone  (in  measure)  in  Ibs. 

_ 

sp.  gr.  (of  stone)  X  62.35  (wt.  of  cu.  ft.  of  water) 
X  ioo  =  per  cent  voids. 

Example: 

Weight  of  cu.  ft.  of  stone 98  Ibs. 

Sp.  gr.  of  stone 2.7 

08  X  ioo  ,      . , 

ioo  —  -r* =  42  =  per  cent  of  voids. 

62.35X2.7 

Second  Method. 

This  method  is  more  adapted  to  use  in  the  field  and  is 
probably  more  accurate  than  the  method  just  described. 

Apparatus.  Platform  scales,  gallon  jar  or  8-  to  10- 
quart  pail. 

To  Make  the  Test.  Weigh  the  pail  (which  must  be  per- 
fectly dry  and  clean),  fill  the  pail  brim  full  of  water  and 
weigh  again.  Get  the  net  weight  of  the  water  and  calcu- 
late the  volume  of  the  pail.  (Weight  of  water  in  pounds 
X  0.01602  =  volume  in  cubic  feet).  Empty  out  the 
water,  dry  the  pail  and  fill  it  level  full  with  the  stone  to  be 
tested,  having  it  well  tamped.  Get  the  net  weight  of  the 
stone.  Without  changing  the  stone  in  any  manner,  pour 
into  the  pail  of  stone  as  much  water  as  it  will  hold  (pour 
slowly  to  allow  the  air  to  escape)  and  get  weight  of  the 


58  CEMENT  TESTING 

water  added  and  its  volume.  The  percentage  of  this  last 
volume  of  water  to  the  first  will  be  the  percentage  of  voids 
in  the  stone.  Calculate  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  the 
stone  from  the  weight  and  volume  found  in  the  first  weigh- 
ings. The  specific  gravity  can  be  found  by  substituting 
these  values  in  the  following  equation: 

wt.  of  cu.  ft.  of  stone  (solid) 

wt.  of  cu.  ft.  of  water 
or 

wt.  of  cu.  ft.  (crushed  stone  in  Ibs.) 

x 


100  —  per  cent  voids  (solid  content) 
-s-  62.35  Ibs.  (wt.  of  cu.  ft.  of  water)  =  specific  gravity. 

Example:  Pounds. 

Weight  of  pail  and  water  ......................  34.  50 

Weight  of  pail  ................................  4.5 

Weight  of  water  ..............................  30.00 

Weight  of  pail  and  stone  .......................     47.5 

Weight  of  pail  ................................       4.5 

Weight  of  stone  ..............................     43.00 

Weight  of  pail,  stone  and  water  .................     61.00 

Weight  of  pail  and  stone  ......................     47-5° 

Weight  of  water  in  the  voids  ...................     13.50 

Volume  of  the  pail  =  30  X  0.01602  =  0.4806  cu.  ft. 

Volume  of  the  voids  =  13.5  X  0.01602  =  0.216  cu.  ft. 

Per  cent  of  voids  =  0.216  X  IOO-T-  0.481  =  44.9. 

Weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  the  crushed  stone  =  43  Ibs.  -5-  0.481 

cu.  ft.  =  89.4  Ibs.  per  cu.  ft. 
Specific  gravity  is 

89.4  X  IPO  _      8Q4Q 

62.35  X  (100  -  44-9)       3435485 


SAND  AND  STONE 


59 


REFERENCES. 

Per  cent  of  Loam,  Taylor's  "Practical  Cement  Testing,"  p.  223; 
Baker's  "  Masonry  Construction,"  Art.  114^;  Taylor  and  Thompson's 
"Cement:  Plain  and  Reinforced,"  p.  154;  Mechanical  Analysis,  Tay- 
lor's "Practical  Cement  Testing,"  p.  223;  Taylor  and  Thompson's 
"  Concrete:  Plain  and  Reinforced, "pp.  187-194;  Turneaure  and  Rus- 
sell's "Public  Water  Supply,"  Art.  511;  Voids  in  Sand  and  Stone, 
Taylor's  "Practical  Cement  Testing,"  pp.  224,  225;  Baker's  "Ma- 
sonry Construction,"  Arts.  114  /,  115  d;  Taylor  and  Thompson's 
"  Concrete:  Plain  and  Reinforced,"  p.  210. 

PERCENTAGE  OF  LOAM. 
(Sand.) 


Kin  J  of 

5&f70f 

We/ghfof 
5a/77p/e 

We/ghfof 
Pry&s/tf. 

We/ghf 
ofLcar/r? 

Per  Cent 
ofLo&m 

Ms  cm. 

Remarks 


Example: 


Weight  of  sand  before  washing 
Weight  of  sand  after  washing  .  . 

Loss 

Hence  per  cent  of  loam  =  2. 


50  gms. 

49  gms. 

i  gm. 


6o 


CEMENT   TESTING 


MECHANICAL  ANALYSIS. 


i* 

vS* 

Pi  am  of 
Openings 
in  /nches 

5arnaf: 

5  fane: 

Weight 
Retained 

Per  Cent 
Retained 

Weight 
Refa/ned 

ftrCent 

Refainea/ 

Passed  ZOO 

Tofa/ 

Loss 

SAND: 

Effective  Size 

Uniformity  Coefficient. 


STONE : 

Effective  Size 

Uniformity  Coefficient. 


SAND   AND   STONE 


6l 


WEIGHT  OF  SAND  PER  CUBIC  FOOT. 


Capacity 
of 
Jar 

Wf.of 

Conc/ft/or? 
of 
5cmd 

Wtper 
Cu.Cm. 

Jar 

/ 
Jar  + 

50rnaf 

5ar?d 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  SAND. 


A7/?y  of 


Wf.  of 


ment. 


Av  Specific 
Gr&v/fy 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  OF  STONE. 


Weight  of  5  tone 

P/sp/ace- 
menf'. 

5pec/f/c 
Gr&vrfy 

Av5pec/ffc 
Orarvtfy 

Ir?  Air 

/n  Wafer 

62 


CEMENT  TESTING 


WEIGHT  OF  CRUSHED  STONE  PER  CUBIC  FOOT. 


m  of 

Condition 

of 
5tone 

m 

perCu.fi 

Measure 

Measure 
+  5for?e 

5tone 

CHAPTER  X. 
LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT  FOR  PHYSICAL  TESTS. 

THE  special  pieces  of  apparatus  for  the  different  tests 
have  been  described  under  the  various  tests  in  which  they 
were  used.  In  this  chapter,  brief  mention  will  be  made  of 
the  laboratory  equipment  now  in  general  use. 

MACHINES  AND  ACCESSORIES. 

Tension  Tests.  There  are  three  types  of  machines  used 
in  the  United  States  for  briquette  breaking  (tension  tests) ; 
namely,  long  lever,  shot  and  spring  balance. 

The  long  lever  machine  shown  by  Figs.  21  and  22  is  the 
most  accurate,  and  has  the  advantage  of  being  adapted  to 
transverse  and  small  cube  tests. 

The  Olsen  (Fig.  21)  and  Riehle  (Fig.  22)  are  the  two 
makes  generally  used.  The  poise  on  these  machines  is 
moved  out,  either  by  power  or  by  hand,  and  can  be  regu- 
lated to  travel  at  different  rates  of  speed.  The  load  is 
applied  by  turning  a  large  hand  wheel  in  the  center  of  the 
machine,  which  operates  a  lever,  —  thereby  putting  tension 
on  the  briquette. 

The  shot  machines  (Fig.  23-25)  are  compact  and  speedy, 

and  operate  without  constant  attention.     The  Fairbanks 

63 


64 


CEMENT  TESTING 


(Fig.  23),  Riehle  (Fig.  24)  and  Olsen  (Falkenau-Sinclair) 
(Fig.  25)  are  the  representative  machines  of  this  type. 
A  description  of  the  operation  of  the  Fairbanks  machine 


FIG.  21 


is  as  follows:  Place  a  briquette  in  the  clips  (N)(N)  (Fig.  23) 
and  tighten  up  the  hand  wheel  (P)  till  the  beam  is  raised 
to  (K),  open  the  shot  outlet  (7);  the  weight  of  the  shot  in 
the  pail  (F)  will  put  tension  on  the  briquette  through  the 


LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT   FOR   PHYSICAL  TESTS       65 

lever  system,  till  it  breaks.     The  flow  of  the  shot  is  auto- 
matically stopped  by  the  dropping  of  the  beam  when  the 


FIG.  22. 


briquette  breaks.  The  pail  and  shot  are  now  hung  on  (E), 
poise  (G)  is  placed  on  the  beam  where  the  pail  was,  and  the 
breaking  load  is  read  as  in  an  ordinary  weighing  operation. 


66 


CEMENT  TESTING 


The  Riehle  (Fig.  24)  is  slightly  different.  A  weight  on 
one  end  of  a  lever  is  counterbalanced  by  shot;  as  this  shot 
is  allowed  to  pass  out,  the  weight  is  allowed  to  descend, 
thereby  putting  tension  on  the  specimen.  When  the 
specimen  breaks,  the  flow  of  shot  is  automatically  stopped. 
The  shot  is  weighed  on  a  spring  balance  so  calibrated  as  to 


FIG.  23. 

read  the  breaking  load  directly.     These  machines  can  only 
be  used  in  tension. 

The  operation  of  the  Falkenau-Sinclair  or  Olsen  shot 
machine  (Fig.  25)  is  as  follows,  as  described  in  the  catalog 
of  Tinius  Olsen  &  Co. :  "  Referring  to  the  cut,  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  machine  consists,  as  usual,  of  a  mechanism  for  ap- 
plying the  load  on  the  test  briquette,  and  means  for  weighing 


LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT  FOR  PHYSICAL  TESTS       67 

this  load.    The  load  is  applied  through  a  system  of  levers  by 
means  of  the  weight  shown  on  the  extreme  right.     Before 


J 


FIG.  24. 

starting  a  test  this  weight  on  the  right  is  counterbalanced 
by  shot  held  in  the  kettle  on  the  left  end  of  the  same  beam. 
To  make  the  test  the  valve  in  the  bottom  of  this  kettle  is 


68 


CEMENT  TESTING 


opened,  and  as  the  shot  escapes  its  equivalent  of  the  weight 
on  the  right-hand  end  of  the  beam  acts  on  the  briquette. 
At  the  instant  the  briquette  breaks  the  escaping  stream  of 


FIG.  25. 

shot  is  cut  off  by  the  closing  of  the  valve  in  the  bottom  of 
the  kettle.  This  is  effected  by  the  upper  grip  striking  the 
horizontal  arm  which  extends  just  above  it,  and  thus 


LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT  FOR   PHYSICAL  TESTS       69 

releasing  the  curved  arm  carried  on  the  spindle  immedi- 
ately to  the  left,  this  curved  arm  in  turn  striking  the  valve 
and  closing  it.  The  briquette  having  broken,  and  the 
stream  of  shot  having  been  cut  off,  it  only  remains  to  weigh 
the  amount  of  shot  that  has  escaped  from  the  pan  and 
multiply  it  by  the  proper  factor  to  give  the  load  per  square 
inch  to  which  the  briquette  has  been  subjected. 

'''  This  shot  might  be  weighed  on  any  scale  desired,  but  for 
facility  in  making  tests,  the  machine  is  furnished  with  a 
spring  balance  on  which  is  placed  the  pan  into  which  the 
shot  falls.  The  dial  of  this  spring  balance  is  graduated,  so 
as  to  read  in  terms  of  pounds  to  the  square  inch  on  the 
specimen.  It  follows  that,  as  the  test  proceeds,  the  opera- 
tor can  watch  the  application  of  the  load,  and  knows  at  any 
instant  exactly  what  the  load  is  on  the  briquette.  When  the 
briquette  breaks,  the  load  which  broke  it  is  read  at  a  glance 
and  jotted  down  without  further  manipulation  or  calcula- 
tion. The  shot  is  then  poured  back  into  the  kettle  and 
the  machine  is  ready  for  the  next  test. 

"The  small  hand  wheel  for  adjusting  the  lower  grip  is 
arranged  so  that  it  will  automatically  slip  on  the  adjusting 
screw  as  soon  as  a  predetermined  load  has  been  applied  to 
the  briquette.  This  hand  wheel  having  been  properly 
adjusted,  there  can  be  no  strain  on  the  briquette  by  pulling 
too  hard  on  the  hand  wheel." 

The  crank  at  the  base  is  for  taking  up  the  motion  of  the 
lever  system  as  the  strain  increases. 

The  spring  balance  machines  (Fig.  26)  are  compact  and 


CEMENT  TESTING 


cheap,  but  are  neither  accurate  nor  speedy,  and  are  suitable 

only  for  field  tests  or  where 
only  occasional  tests  are  made. 
Clips.  There  are  several 
forms  of  clips  on  the  market, 
but  the  one  recommended  by 
the  committee  on  standard 
specifications  is  to  be  desired. 
Its  construction  may  be  seen 
from  Fig.  15. 

Transverse  test  attachment 
(Fig.  27)  consists  of  a  bar  (a) 
about  13  inches  long,  with  link 
(b)  attached  at  the  center  so 
that  it  can  be  suspended  from 
the  beam  of  the  machine  in 
place  of  the  upper  tension 
clip.  V's  are  cut  in  bar  (a) 
2,  3,  4,  5  and  6  inches  distant 
from  the  center  on  each  side,  and  in  these  the  stirrups  (c) 
are  placed,  according  to  the  span  of  the  test  specimen. 
The  test  specimen  (d)  is  placed  on  stirrups  (c-c)  and  a 
third  stirrup  (e),  which  is  attached  to  the  hand  wheel 
lever  in  place  of  the  lower  tension  clip  applies  the  load 
at  the  center  of  the  specimen.  (Points  /  are  blunt  knife 
edges) . 

Compression  Tool.     This  attachment  consists  of  four 
plates  about  3!  inches  square.    The  plates  (a)  and  (d)  (Fig. 


FIG.  26. 


LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT  FOR  PHYSICAL  TESTS       71 


FIG.  27. 


FIG.  28. 


FIG.  29. 


72  CEMENT  TESTING 

28)  have  ears  in  the  center,  by  which  they  are  attached  to 
the  machine,  in  place  of  the  tension  clips.  Plate  (c)  is  con- 
nected to  (a),  and  (b)  to  (d),  by  four  bolts,  in  such  a  way 
that  when  (a)  and  (d)  move  apart,  (b)  and  (c)  will  move 
towards  each  other  and  compress  the  cube  between  them. 

Universal  Testing  Machine.  The  universal  machine 
(Fig.  29)  is  better  adapted  for  compression  tests  than  the 
long  lever  machines  and  has  the  further  advantage  of  very 
wide  range  in  the  size  of  blocks. 

Figure  30  shows  the  Olsen  Hydraulic  Compression 
Machine.  This  machine  is  a  small  hydraulic  press,  having 
an  adjustable  head  above,  which  can  be  lowered  or  raised 
to  the  desired  position  by  means  of  a  hand  wheel  and  screw. 
The  cylinder  is  placed  below  and  pressure  is  applied  to  the 
ram  in  a  peculiar  manner.  Instead  of  the  usual  pump,  a 
small  plunger  is  forced  into  the  cylinder  by  means  of  a 
worm  drive  shown  at  the  right-hand  side.  The  motion  of 
the  ram  is  limited,  as  the  plunger  is  of  small  diameter,  but 
in  testing  incompressible  material,  like  cement,  a  short 
stroke  is  all  that  is  required.  The  worm  can  be  slipped  out 
of  mesh  with  the  worm  wheel,  and  the  plunger  can  be 
quickly  moved  in  either  direction  by  means  of  the  hand 
wheel.  The  table  is  on  a  spherical  bearing,  which  accom- 
modates itself  to  the  specimen  so  as  to  bring  a  uniform 
pressure.  The  load  is  read  directly  by  a  hydraulic  gage 
connected  with  the  cylinder  through  a  safety  valve,  which 
prevents  injury  to  the  gage  by  sudden  shock  due  to  failure. 
The  capacity  of  the  machine  is  200,000  pounds.  The  diam- 


LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT  FOR  PHYSICAL  TESTS       73 


FIG.  30. 


74  CEMENT  TESTING 

eter  of  the  head  and  table  is  6  inches,  while  the  extreme 
distance  between  the  head  and  table  is  6j  inches. 

Sand  Sifter.  The  sifter  shown  in  Fig.  31  is  a  very  close 
attempt  at  producing  the  desired  motion  for  sifting  by 
giving  the  sieves  a  circular  motion  and  also  a  jar.  It 


FIG.  31. 

consists  of  bevel  gears  driven  by  a  hand  wheel,  which 
imparts  a  circular  and  an  up  and  down  motion  to  two  up- 
right rods,  between  which  the  sieves  are  securely  held. 
These  rods  extend  downward  so  that  on  the  down  motion 
they  strike  the  bottom  plate  of  the  machine  a  sharp  blow. 


LABORATORY   EQUIPMENT   FOR   PHYSICAL  TESTS       75 


A  very  good  homemade  mechanical  sifter  can  be  made  when 
occasion  demands.  A  simple  one  is  shown  in  "  Practical 
Cement  Testing,"  page  73. 

Scales  and  Balance.  The  laboratory  must  have  a  chemi- 
cal balance  (Fig.  20).  It  need  not  be  an  expensive  make. 
A  small  balance  sensible  to  5  centigrams  (Fig.  3)  is  used 
for  the  general  weighing,  and  ordinary  platform  scales  will 
be  needed  for  test  of  concrete. 


FIG.  32. 

Boiling  Test  Apparatus.  This  apparatus  can  be  as 
simple  or  as  elaborate  as  desired.  It  need  consist  only  of  a 
copper  vessel,  with  a  cover  in  which  there  is  a  small  outlet 
for  excess  steam  and  two  wire 
netting  shelves,  one  near  the 
bottom,  the  other  above  the 
water  line.  It  is  an  advantage 
to  have  an  opening  near  the 
bottom,  for  a  connection  to  a 
constant  level  bottle.  The 
vessel  should  have  legs,  or  be  FIG.  33. 


76 


CEMENT  TESTING 


placed  on  a  tripod,  so  that  a  Bunsen  burner  can  be  placed 
underneath  for  heating.  Fig.  32  shows  a  very  good  design. 
Fig.  33  shows  a  constant  level  bottle. 

Moist  Closet.  The  moist  closet  (Fig.  34)  is  best  made  of 
cement,  slate  or  similar  material,  and  may  be  any  size 
desired.  It  should  be  long  enough  to  take  in  the  longest 
size  of  gang  molds  used.  The  ends  should  have  cleats  so 
arranged  that  glass  strips  with  molds  on  them  can  be  slipped 
in,  with  enough  room  between  tiers  for  free  circulation  of 


FIG.  34. 

air.  A  pan  for  holding  water  should  be  placed  in  the 
bottom.  A  most  excellent  closet  made  of  waste  cement  is 
described  by  E.  B.  McCready,  vol.  vii,  p.  598,  Proc.  of 
Am.  Socy.  for  Testing  Materials.  Ordinary  tin  boxes  are 
sometimes  used  for  damp  closets.  A  temporary  damp 
closet  can  be  made  by  bending  a  wire  screen  to  form  a  roof 
over  the  specimens,  over  which  a  wet  cloth  is  placed. 
There  should  be  some  means  of  keeping  the  cloth  uniformly 
damp,  as  letting  the  ends  dip  into  a  pan  of  water. 

Storage  Tanks.     Any  tank  that  will  hold  water  and  has 
capacity  enough  can  be  used  for  a  storage  tank.     Fig.  35 


LABORATORY   EQUIPMENT   FOR   PHYSICAL  TESTS       77 

shows   the  very   elaborate   tanks   in   the  Lesley   Cement 
Laboratory  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 


Table.  Any  ordinary  strong  table  may  be  used,  but  it 
must  have  a  mixing  plate  of  slate,  marble  or  glass.*  A 

*  The  writer  believes  the  ordinary  laboratory  bench  is  too  high  for  good 
and  comfortable  working,  and  therefore  advises  the  use  of  a  bench  or  table 
about  3  ft.  i  in.  to  3  ft.  3  ins.  high. 


CEMENT  TESTING 


special  table,  2  feet  6  inches  wide  and  about  3  feet  3  inches 
high,  covered  with  a  glass  plate  and  having  a  tin  spout 
leading  from  the  top,  at  the  back,  or  one 
end  to  a  refuse  can  is  very  convenient. 
The  spout  must  be  open  and  5  or  6  inches 
wide;  otherwise  it  is  likely  to  clog. 

Burette  (Fig.  8).  This  is  one  of  the  in- 
dispensable pieces  of  apparatus  in  a  cement 
laboratory.  It  is  used  almost  constantly 
for  measuring  the  water  used  in  mixing 
and  for  other  purposes.  Fig.  36  shows 
the  burette  used  in  the  Lesley  Cement 
Laboratory,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
A  water  pipe  is  connected  to  each  bench  to 
which  the  burette  is  attached. 
Briquette  molds  should  be  made  of  brass,  bronze,  or 
some  equally  noncorrodible  material,  and  have  sufficient 
metal  in  the  sides  to  prevent  spreading  during  molding. 
There  are  two  types  of  molds,  single  (Fig.  13)  and  gang 
(Fig.  14).  Gang  molds,  permitting  the  molding  of  3,  4  or 
5  briquettes  at  a  time,  are  to  be  preferred,  since  a  greater 
quantity  of  mortar  can  be  mixed  at  one  time,  giving  more 
uniform  results. 

Cube  molds  are  shown  in  Fig.  16.     What  has  been  said  in 

regard  to  briquette  molds  applies  equally  well  to  cube  molds. 

Bar  molds,  shown  in  Fig.  17,  are  used  for  making  bars  for 

the  transverse  test.     Like  the  other  molds,  they  must  be 

strong  and  noncorrodible. 


FIG.  36. 


LABORATORY  EQUIPMENT  FOR  PHYSICAL  TESTS      79 

Miscellaneous  articles,  such  as  are  found  in  all  physical 
and  chemical  laboratories,  are  needed  in  the  testing  of 
cement.  Most  of  these,  if  not  all,  have  been  mentioned 
under  the  tests  in  which  they  are  used,  but  they  are  re- 
peated in  the  following  list:  glass  rod,  glass  tubing,  small- 
stemmed  glass  funnel,  J-inch  camel's  hair  brush,  pipette, 
scoop,  thermometer,  ringstand,  tripod,  Bunsen  burner, 
evaporating  dish,  oil  can  and  light  machine  oil,  settling  jar, 
bottles  of  various  sizes,  trowel,  etc. 

For  list  of  equipment  needed  for  a  cement  laboratory, 
or  for  a  simple  field  outfit  for  a  contractor,  see  "  Practical 
Cement  Testing,"  pp.  239-240. 


PART   II. 

THE   CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS   OF  CEMENT,   LIMESTONE, 
MARL,   ETC. 

IT  is  doubtful  if  chemical  analysis  plays  any  part  in  the 
testing  of  cement  for  defects  in  manufacture,  inasmuch  as 
the  results  show  only  the  proportions  of  the  various  in- 
gredients and  not  their  arrangement.  Chemical  analysis 
does,  however,  serve  as  a  valuable  means  of  detecting 
adulterations  in  cement,  and  also  shows  whether  those 
elements  believed  to  be  harmful  are  present  in  too  large 
quantities. 

Cement,  limestone,  marl  and  clay  are  all  composed  of 
essentially  the  same  elements,  though  in  different  propor- 
tions and  in  different  combination.  The  latter  statement 
can  be  better  appreciated  from  the  fact  that  although 
cement,  limestone  and  marl  are  easily  decomposed  by 
hydrochloric  acid,  clay  is  scarcely  affected  at  all.  The  va- 
rious determinations  made  in  the  analysis  of  a  cement  are, 
therefore,  practically  the  same  as  those  made  in  the  analysis 
of  a  limestone,  marl,  clay,  slag  or  any  other  cement  material, 
though  in  the  case  of  the  latter  substances,  an  entirely 
different  preliminary  treatment  is  often  necessary  before 

these  determinations  can  be  made. 

80 


THE   CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS   OF   CEMENT,   ETC.          8 1 

The  analysis  of  any  of  the  above-mentioned  substances 
requires  a  considerable  knowledge  of  analytical  chemistry  — 
a  knowledge  which  can  be  acquired  only  by  actual  practice 
in  the  laboratory,  and  not  from  books  alone.  The  chem- 
ical Npart  of  this  manual  has  been  written  for  the  use  of 
students  who  presumably  have  a  knowledge  of  at  least  the 
rudiments  of  quantitative  analysis. 

The  method  for  the  analysis  of  cement  hereafter  given  is, 
in  general,  the  same  as  that  reported  by  the  New  York 
section  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  and  subse- 
quently indorsed  and  published  by  a  committee  of  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  The  authors  have, 
however,  somewhat  enlarged  upon  the  methods  for  the 
various  determinations  in  the  hope  of  making  them  more 
readily  understood  by  less  practiced  chemists.  Further- 
more, in  one  or  two  places  the  method  has  been  modified 
in  such  a  way  as  to  make  it,  in  their  estimation,  far  more 
satisfactory  for  general  use.  Alternate  methods  have  been 
included  for  certain  determ  nations. 

The  methods  of  analysis  given  are  for  cement,  and  the 
raw  material  from  which  it  is  made,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned  clay,  limestone,  marl,  and  slag.  Of  these 
materials  clay  alone  is  not  at  all  decomposed  by  hydro- 
chloric acid  and  hence  must  be  subjected  to  a  different 
treatment  as  described  later.  The  analysis  of  a  cement 
should  consist  of  determinations  of  the  following: 


82  CEMENT   TESTING 

Loss  on  ignition  CaO. 

Moisture.  MgO. 

CO2.  Alkalies. 

SiO2.  S. 

Fe203.  SO3. 
A1203. 

Aside  from  these  constituents,  a  cement  always  contains 
slight  amounts  of  organic  matter  and  sometimes  also  traces 
of  manganese  and  phosphoric  acid.  The  two  latter ,  how- 
ever, are  so  unusual  the  authors  have  not  deemed  it  neces- 
sary to  include  methods  for  their  determination.  Average 
analyses  of  usual  grades  of  cement  have  been  given  on  p.  3, 
Chapter  I. 

Loss  on  ignition  is  always  determined  and  represents  the 
sum  of  CO2,  organic  matter,  and  moisture.  But  the 
results  are  always  somewhat  affected  by  other  factors  as, 
for  example,  the  changing  of  Fe2O3  to  Fe3O4,  of  FeS  to 
Fe2O3,  and  if  manganese  happens  to  be  present,  the  chang- 
ing of  MnO  to  Mn3O4.  Furthermore,  small  amounts  of  the 
alkalies  are  liable  to  be  lost  by  volatilization  during  the 
ignition.  With  an  ordinary  cement,  however,  the  error 
due  to  these  factors  is  negligible. 

Sulphur  may  be  present  in  a  cement  as  sulphate  or  as 
sulphide  —  both  are  usually  present.  The  sulphur  as 
sulphate  is  first  determined,  and  then  the  total  sulphur  is 
determined  as  sulphate.  From  the  difference  between 
these  two  determinations  the  amount  of  sulphur  existing 
as  sulphide  can  be  easily  calculated. 


THE   CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS   OF   CEMENT.   ETC.          83 

Frequently  C02  is  not  determined  directly,  but  is  calcu- 
lated from  the  loss  on  ignition,  and  likewise  many  chemists 
determine  the  alkalies  only  by  difference.  Obviously  this 
practice  is  far  from  good  for  very  exact  analyses  and  for 
this  reason  the  authors  have  included  methods  for  all 
determinations.  For  ordinary  practical  work,  however, 
the  calculation  of  CO2  and  of  alkalies  is  probably  entirely 
sufficient.  In  all  analyses  it  is  advisable  to  run  duplicates, 
or  "  checks." 

PREPARATION  or  THE  SAMPLE  FOR  ANALYSIS. 

The  sampling  of  cement  has  been  discussed  rather  fully 
in  a  previous  chapter  (p.  7),  but  inasmuch  as  only  a  small 


FIG.  37. 

sample  is  employed  in  the  chemical  analysis,  usually  about 
25  grams,  a  few  words  may  be  said  as  to  the  method  em- 
ployed in  reducing  the  sample  to  this  size.  This  is  ac- 
complished by  "  quartering."  The  sample  is  spread  out 
on  a  large  sheet  of  paper  and  divided  into  four  equal  parts 
by  means  of  two  lines  drawn  perpendicular  to  each  other, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  37.  Two  diagonally  opposite  quarters 
are  then  brushed  away  (Fig.  38),  and  the  two  remaining 
quarters  are  combined  and  thoroughly  mixed.  This  is 


84 


CEMENT  TESTING 


again  spread  out  and  quartered,  etc.,  the  process  being 
continued  until  about  25  grams  are  left. 


FIG.  38. 

In  sampling  limestone,  slag,  clay,  etc.,  it  is  not  necessary 
to  reduce  the  entire  sample  to  fine  powder.  The  material 
should  be  broken  up  to  pea  size  and  then  quartered  until 
about  100  grams  are  left.  This  100  grams  should  then  be 
finely  powdered  on  a  bucking  board  or  in  a  mortar,  and 
passed  through  a  loo-mesh  sieve.  Of  the  finely  powdered 
sample,  25  grams  are  sufficient. 

The  finished  sample  should  (be  transferred  to  a  tightly 
stoppered  bottle  or  weighing  flask,  and  should  be  properly 
labeled  with  number,  date  received,  source  and  any  other 
data  which  may  be  peculiar  to  the  sample. 

ANALYSIS  OF  CEMENT. 

Loss  on  Ignition.  (C02  +  H2O  +  organic  matter).* 
Weigh  out  into  a  platinum  crucible  about  0.5  gram  of  the 
finely  divided  sample.  Place  the  crucible  on  a  triangle 
and  apply  heat,  gently  at  first,  then  with  the  full  force  of  a 
good  blast  lamp  for  15  minutes.  The  blast  flame  should 
never  be  directed  vertically  against  the  bottom  of  the 

*  See  p.  82  for  causes  of  error  in  this  determination. 


THE   CHEMICAL   ANALYSIS   OF   CEMENT,   ETC.  85 

crucible  but  preferably  at  an  angle  against  the  side  and 
bottom. 

Cool  the  crucible  in  a  dessicator  and  weigh.  Heat  again 
for  5  or  10  minutes  in  the  blast  flame,  cool  and  weigh. 
Repeat  until  the  weight  is  constant.  The  loss  in  weight 
is  known  as  the  "  loss  on  ignition,"  and  represents  the  sum 
of  the  C02,  H2O  and  organic  matter. 

SILICA  (SiO2). 

Carefully  transfer  the  residue  from  the  above  determina- 
tion of  loss  on  ignition*  to  a  platinum  dish  and  carefully 
rinse  out  the  crucible  two  or  three  times  with  dilute  HC1, 
adding  the  rinsings,  of  course,  to  the  contents  of  the  dish. 
Add  enough  more  dilute  HC1  to  entirely  cover  the  powder, 
place  the  dish  on  a  water  bath  and  evaporate  to  dryness  — 
that  is,  until  the  odor  of  HC1  can  no  longer  be  detected. 
Treat  the  residue  with  10  c.c.  strong  HC1,  digest  on  the 
water  bath  for  10  minutes  with  occasional  stirring,  and 
dilute  with  35  c.c.  of  water.  Allow  the  dish  to  digest  on 
the  water  bath  for  15  minutes.  Filter  through  a  small 
filter  and  wash  the  residue  (Si02)  thoroughly  with  hot 
water. 

Transfer  the  filtrate  to  a  platinum  dish  and  again  evapo- 
rate |  to  dryness  on  the  water  bath.  Allow  to  stand  on  the 

*  A  fresh  sample  may  be  used  instead  of  taking  the  residue  from  the 
determination  of  loss  on  ignition.  Such  a  procedure  is  certainly  advisable 
if  time  is  a  factor. 

t  The  second  evaporation  for  silica  is  frequently  omitted  where  great 
accuracy  is  not  desired.  The  authors  strongly  advise  two  evaporations, 
however. 


86  CEMENT   TESTING 

water  bath  until  the  odor  of  HC1  is  no  longer  perceptible. 
Moisten  the  residue  with  5  c.c.  strong  HC1,  digest  for  10 
minutes,  and  dilute  with  35  c.c.  of  water.  Allow  to  digest 
on  the  water  bath  for  10  or  15  minutes.  Filter  through  a 
small  filter  and  wash  thoroughly  with  hot  water.  (The 
filtrate,  A,  is  used  for  the  determination  of  Fe2O3  and 
A1203.) 

Transfer  the  two  papers  containing  silica,  while  still  wet, 
to  a  weighed  platinum  crucible,  cover  and  apply  heat, 
gently  at  first  to  dry  and  char  the  paper,  then  remove  the 
cover  and  gradually  increase  the  temperature  to  burn  the 
paper.  After  the  paper  is  burned,  heat  the  crucible  for 
15  minutes  over  a  good  blast  flame,  being  careful  to  prevent 
the  blast  from  playing  in  or  close  to  the  mouth  of  the 
crucible.  Cool  in  a  desiccator  and  weigh.  The  process  of 
heating,  cooling  and  weighing  should  be  continued  until 
the  weight  is  constant.  This  gives  total  silica  (SiCfe). 

The  ignited  silica  should  be  white.  If  it  is  dark  colored 
it  is  impure  and  may  contain  some  particles  which  were 
not  decomposed  by  the  acid.  In  order  to  purify  the  silica, 
it  must  first  be  fused  with  sodium  carbonate.  Add  to  the 
silica  in  the  crucible  about  five  times  its  weight  of  pure, 
dry  sodium  carbonate  and  mix  thoroughly  by  means  of  a 
platinum  spatula  or  glass  rod.  Fuse  over  a  good  Bunsen 
burner  as  described  later  under  the  heading,  "  Analysis 
of  Clay  "  (p.  107).  After  the  fused  mass  has  cooled,  dis- 
solve it  in  water,  carefully  add  dilute  HC1  until  in  excess, 
and  evaporate  to  dryness  on  the  water  bath.  Take  up  the 


THE   CHEMICAL   ANALYSIS   OF   CEMENT,   ETC.          87 

silica  as  described  above,   etc.     (The  filtrate   should  be 
added  to  the  main  filtrate,  A .) 

IRON  AND  ALUMINA  (Fe2O3  +  A12O3). 

To  the  filtrate,  A,  from  the  second  evaporation  for  silica, 
add  a  little  NH4C1  solution  and  a  few  drops  of  strong 
HNO3.  Heat  to  boiling  and  precipitate  the  iron  and 
alumina  as  hydrates  by  adding  a  slight  excess  of  NH4OH. 
Again  heat  to  boiling  for  a  moment,*  wash  once  by  de- 
cantation  with  boiling  water  containing  a  drop  of  NH4OH, 
and  filter  as  rapidly  as  possible.  Wash  the  precipitate  on 
the  filter  once  or  twice  with  boiling  water  containing  a 
drop  of  NH4OH.  In  this  precipitation  an  effort  should  be 
made  to  keep  the  solution  as  hot  as  possible  and  to  filter 
as  quickly  as  possible.  If  allowed  to  cool,  some  alumina  is 
changed  to  a  soluble  form  and  hence  results  in  loss,  f  The 
filtration  may  be  advantageously  hurried  by  use  of  a  force 
filter  and  platinum  cone  as  suggested  by  Treadwell.} 
(The  filtrate,  B,  is  used  for  the  determination  of  lime,  CaO.) 

Redissolve  the  precipitated  Fe(OH)3  and  A1(OH)3  on  the 
filter  by  means  of  a  small  amount  of  hot  dilute  HC1,  and 
allow  the  solution  to  run  into  a  clean  beaker.  Wash  the 
paper  well  with  hot  water.  Heat  to  boiling  and  reprecipi- 
tate  the  iron  and  alumina  by  adding  a  slight  excess  of 

*  If  boiled  too  long  the  precipitate  becomes  gelatinous  and  filtration 
is  difficult. 

t  Alumina  lost  here  will  appear  later  in  the  precipitate  of  calcium  and 
will  be  weighed  as  CaO. 

t  See  "Analytical  Chemistry,"  Treadwell-Hall. 


88  CEMENT   TESTING 

NH4OH  as  before.  Quickly  filter  while  hot  and  wash  with 
hot  water  containing  a  drop  of  NH4OH.  (The  filtrate,  C, 
is  added  to  filtrate  B  from  the  first  precipitation  of  iron  and 
alumina  and  is  used  for  the  determination  of  lime,  CaO.) 

Dry  the  filter  paper  containing  the  iron  and  alumina  in 
a  drying  oven.  When  thoroughly  dry  fold  the  paper  to  a 
small  volume  and  twist  it  onto  the  end  of  a  platinum  wire. 
Carefully  burn  the  paper  on  the  wire,  holding  it  so  that  the 
ash  will  fall  into  a  weighed  platinum  crucible.  When  the 
wire  is  cool,  brush  any  adhering  particles  of  oxide  into  the 
crucible.  Place  the  crucible  without  cover  on  a  triangle  and 
ignite  by  means  of  a  good  Bunsen  burner.  Do  not  use  the 
blast  lamp.  Cool  and  weigh.  The  combined  weight  of 
the  Fe203  and  the  A12O3  is  thus  obtained.* 

Fe203. 

To  the  crucible  containing  the  Fe203  and  A12O3  add  about 
3  grams  of  K2S2O7t  and  apply  heat  by  means  of  a  Bunsen 
burner  turned  low.  Gradually  increase  the  heat  until  the 
bottom  of  the  crucible  looks  red  as  seen  from  above.  Allow 

*  If  the  material  under  examination  contains  phosphoric  acid,  the  latter 
will  be  present  in  the  precipitate  of  iron  and  alumina  and  will  be  weighed 
as  P2O5. 

To  determine  the  amount  present,  a  separate  sample  should  be  employed, 
the  phosphoric  acid  being  precipitated  from  nitric  acid  solution  by  means 
of  ammonium  molybdate  solution,  and  weighed  as  magnesium  pyrophos- 
phate,  Mg2P2Oy,  or  as  phosphomolybdic  anhydride,  24  MoO3.P2Os,  as 
described  in  vol.  ii,  "  Analytical  Chemistry,"  by  Treadwell-Hall. 

The  result  is  calculated  to  P2OS  and  the  amount  subtracted  from  the 
total  Fe2O3  and  A12O3  found. 

f  KHSC>4  is  frequently  employed  instead  of  K^SaO?.  The  latter  salt 
is  preferable. 


THE   CHEMICAL   ANALYSIS    OF   CEMENT,   ETC.          89 

to  cool;  then  dissolve  in  water.  The  solution  thus  ob- 
tained contains  the  iron  and  alumina  in  the  form  of  sul- 
phates together  with  the  excess  of  K2SO4. 

To  determine  the  Fe2Os,  the  solution  is  acidified  with 
H2SO4,  the  iron  reduced  to  the  ferrous  condition,  and  then 
titrated  with  a  standardized  KMnO4  solution.  The  re- 
duction of  the  iron  may  be  brought  about  by  one  of  the  three 
methods  described  below. 

Reduction  by  Means  of  Zinc.  Introduce  the  solution  of 
iron  and  alumina  from  the  bisulphate  fusion  into  a  200  c.c. 
Erlenmeyer  flask  fitted  with  a  one-hole  rubber  stopper, 
carrying  an  exit  tube  as  shown  in  the 
drawing  (Fig.  39).  Add  about  3  grams 
of  pure,  finely  divided  zinc  and  a  few 
cubic  centimeters  of  concentrated  H2S04. 
Tightly  stopper  the  flask  and  allow  the 
outer  end  of  the  exit  tube  to  dip  into  a 
beaker  of  water  as  illustrated.  This 
serves  as  a  trap.  The  hydrogen  generated  by  the  sul- 
phuric acid  and  zinc  completely  reduces  the  iron  to  the 
ferrous  condition  and  drives  all  air  from  the  flask. 

When  the  zinc  is  entirely  dissolved,  filter  rapidly  through 
a  Gooch  crucible  and  wash  the  crucible  several  times  with 
small  amounts  of  water.  Remove  the  stopper  and  quickly 
titrate  the  solution  in  the  filter  flask  with  a  standardized 
solution  of  KMnO4.  The  number  of  cubic  centimeters  of 
KMnO4  solution  used,  multiplied  by  its  Fe203  factor,  gives 
the  total  weight  of  Fe2O3. 


9° 


CEMENT  TESTING 


Reduction  with  a  Jones  Reductor.  A  very  convenient, 
as  well  as  quick,  method  of  reduction  is  accomplished  by 
the  aid  of  a  Jones  reductor.  This  apparatus  is  a  glass  tube 
of  the  form  shown  in  Fig.  40,  and  is  fitted  to  a  filter  flask 
by  a  tightly  fitting  rubber  stopper.  The 
reductor  is  filled  as  follows:  Directly  over 
the  stopcock  a  few  glass  beads  are  placed  and 
over  these  a  little  glass  wool.  This  is  then 
covered  with  a  layer  of  sand.  The  balance 
of  the  tube,  up  to  the  enlargement  at  the  top, 
is  then  filled  with  pure  granulated  zinc,  after 
which  the  apparatus  is  ready  for  use. 
Once  filled,  it  may  be  used  indefinitely 
with  no  care  save  the  occasional  addition  of 
a  little  zinc  as  the  column  of  this  metal  is 
reduced  by  the  action  of  acid.  When  not 
in  use,  the  reductor  should  be  tightly  stop- 
pered to  prevent  evaporation,  and  under  no  circumstances, 
either  when  in  use  or  not  in  use,  should  the  surface  of  the 
liquid  be  allowed  to  recede  below  the  top  of  the  column  of 
zinc. 

The  operation  of  reduction  is  as  follows:  Suction  is 
applied  to  the  filter  flask  and  the  stopcock  of  the  reductor 
is  so  regulated  as  to  allow  the  liquid  to  be  slowly  drawn 
through  the  reductor  into  the  filter  flask.  At  first  a  little 
dilute  H2SO4  is  drawn  through  the  apparatus.  The  liquid 
to  be  reduced,  which  should  contain  enough  H2S04  to  have 
a  moderate  action  on  zinc,  is  then  run  through,  and  this  is 


FIG.  40. 


THE   CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS   OF   CEMENT,   ETC.          QI 

followed  by  successive  small  quantities  of  water  to  displace 
all  acid.  The  reductor  is  then  removed  from  the  flask 
and  the  solution  in  the  latter  is  rapidly  titrated  to  a  per- 
manent pink  color  by  means  of  standardized  KMnO4  solu- 
tion. As  before  mentioned,  great  care  must  be  exercised 
during  the  process  of  reduction  to  prevent  the  surface  of 
the  liquid  from  falling  below  the  top  of  the  column  of  zinc. 
Reduction  by  Means  of  H2S.  The  solution  from  the  bi- 
sulphate  fusion  is  placed  in  a  200  c.c.  flask,  tightly  stoppered 
with  a  rubber  stopper  provided  with  two  tubes  through 
which  gas  can  enter  and  leave  the  flask  (Fig.  41).  The 
tube  through  which  the  gas  enters  should  dip  below  the 
surface  of  the  liquid,  as  is  shown  in  the  drawing.  The 
solution  is  heated  to  boiling  and  a  current  HS 
of  pure  H2S  is  passed  through  until  the 
solution  is  saturated.  The  tube  through 
which  the  gas  enters  is  now  connected  with 
a  C02  generator,  and  while  the  solution  in 

the   flask  is   still   boiling   C02    is   passed 

FIG.  41. 
through  until  all  H2S  has  been  removed  - 

until  wet  lead  acetate  paper  held  near  the  exit  tube  is  no 
longer  blackened.  The  solution  is  then  allowed  to  cool  in 
the  atmosphere  of  CO2,  after  which  it  is  filtered  and  then 
titrated  with  standard  KMnO4  as  previously  described. 

A1203. 

The  total  weight  of  A1203  is  simply  the  difference  between 
the  combined  weight  of  Fe203  and  A1203,  and  Fe203  alone. 


92  CEMENT  TESTING 

LIME   (CaO). 

Combine  the  filtrates  B  and  C  from  the  two  precipita- 
tions of  iron  and  alumina,  acidify  with  HC1  and  evaporate 
to  a  volume  of  about  250  c.c.  Make  alkaline  with  NH4OH 
and  heat  to  boiling.*  While  the  solution  is  still  boiling, 
add  an  excess  of  a  boiling  solution  of  (NH4)2C2O4.  Boil 
for  a  moment  longer  and  then  allow  to  stand  and  settle  for 
20  minutes,  or,  better  still,  over  night.  Filter  and  wash 
thoroughly  with  hot  water  containing  a  little  (NH4)2C2O4.t 
(The  nitrate,  D,  is  used  for  the  determination  of  magnesia, 
MgO.) 

Place  the  filter  paper  containing  the  precipitate  while 
still  wet  in  a  weighed  platinum  crucible  and  heat  carefully 
in  the  Bunsen  flame  until  the  paper 
is  burned.  Cover  the  crucible  and 
ignite  for  15  or  20  minutes  in  a  good 
strong  blast,  to  completely  reduce 
the  oxalate  to  oxide.  After  ignition 
quickly  transfer  the  hot  crucible  to 

a  desiccator,  preferably  one  fitted  with  a  U-tube  containing 
soda  lime  as  shown  in  Fig.  42.  When  cool,  weigh.  The 
crucible  should  be  reheated,  cooled  and  weighed  until  the 
weight  is  constant.  This  gives  total  lime,  CaO. 

*  A  little  A1(OH)3  often  separates  at  this  point.  This  will  not  happen, 
however,  if  the  Fe(OH)3  and  A1(OH)3  precipitates  were  kept  hot  while  being 
filtered.  If  any  separates,  it  should  be  filtered  off,  ignited  and  weighed. 

f  Some  chemists  prefer  to  redissolve  and  reprecipitate  the  calcium,  but 
this  is  entirely  unnecessary  in  ordinary  analytical  work. 


THE   CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS   OF   CEMENT,   ETC.          93 

MAGNESIA  (MgO). 

To  the  filtrate  D  from  the  calcium  oxalate  precipitation, 
add  HC1  until  acid.  Evaporate  to  a  volume  of  about  75  or 
100  c.c.  Then  add  an  excess  of  Na2HPO4  or  NaNH4HPO4 
solution  and  ammonia  in  moderate  excess.  Allow  to  stand 
at  least  4  hours  (better  over  night).*  Filter  and  wash  once 
or  twice  with  a  2.5  per  cent  solution  of  NH4OH. 

Dissolve  the  precipitate  on  the  paper  in  a  little  hot, 
dilute  HNO3.  Add  a  few  drops  of  Na2HPO4  solution  and 
then  NH4OH,  drop  by  drop,  until  in  moderate  excess,  with 
constant  agitation  of  the  solution.  Allow  to  stand  4  hours, 
or  over  night  if  convenient.  Filter  and  wash  with  2.5  per 
cent  NH4OH.  Reject  the  filtrate. 

Transfer  the  precipitate  and  paper  while  still  wet  to  a 
weighed  platinum  crucible  and  heat  with  a  low  Bunsen  flame 
to  dry  and  char  the  paper.  Burn  the  paper  at  as  low  a 
temperature  as  possible.  When  entirely  burned,  ignite 
the  crucible  in  a  weak  blast  flame,  cool  and  weigh.  Repeat 
until  constant  weight  is  obtained.  This  gives  weight  of 
MgO  as  Mg2P207.  This  weight,  multiplied  by  the  factor 
0.3621,  gives  total  magnesia,  MgO. 

SULPHURIC  ACID  (SO3). 

Into  a  porcelain  evaporating  dish  or  casserole,  weigh  out 
one  gram  of  the  finely  powdered  sample,  add  dilute  HC1  to 

*  It  is  not  necessary  to  remove  ammonium  salts  before  making  this  first 
precipitation  of  magnesia.  Large  amounts  of  ammonium  salts  do,  however, 
greatly  retard  precipitation. 


94  CEMENT   TESTING 

cover  the  powder  and  take  to  dryness  on  the  water  bath. 
(By  this  treatment  all  the  sulphur  which  was  present  in  the 
cement  as  sulphide  will  be  expelled  as  H2S.)  Dissolve  the 
residue  in  water,*  treat  with  NH4OH  and  (NH4)2C03  in 
excess,  filter  and  wash  thoroughly.  Concentrate  the  fil- 
trate, acidify  with  HC1,  heat  to  boiling  for  a  moment  and 
precipitate  the  sulphuric  acid  as  BaS04  by  adding  a  boiling 
solution  of  BaCl2,  drop  by  drop,  with  constant  stirring,  until 
in  excess.  Allow  to  stand  on  the  water  bath  about  two  hours, 
filter  and  wash.  Or,  if  convenient,  allow  to  stand  over  night 
at  the  ordinary  temperature  before  filtering.  Transfer  the 
filter  and  precipitate  to  a  platinum  crucible  and  burn  the 
paper  at  as  low  a  temperature  as  possible.  Ignite  for  10 
or  15  minutes  with  the  cover  off,  cool  and  weigh  as  BaSO4. 
The  weight  of  BaSO4  obtained  multiplied  by  the  factor 
0.3430  gives  weight  of  sulphuric  acid  (SO3). 

TOTAL  SULPHUR. 

For  the  determination  of  total  sulphur,  two  methods  are 
available.  The  first  to  be  described  below,  the  fusion 
method,  is  the  one  reported  by  the  committee  on  uniform 
methods  of  analysis.  The  alternate  method  is  a  very  good 
one  and  is  especially  good  for  the  determination  of  sulphur 
in  cement. 

*  Many  chemists  filter  the  solution  at  this  point  and  precipitate  the  sul- 
phuric acid  immediately  without  going  through  the  NH4OH  and  (NH^COa 
treatment.  This  procedure  seems  to  be  very  satisfactory  though  it  is 
liable  to  give  too  high  results,  inasmuch  as  the  BaSC>4  brings  down  other 
substances  mechanically. 


THE   CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS  OF   CEMENT,   ETC.          95 

Fusion  Method.  About  i  gram  of  the  powdered  sample 
is  weighed  out  into  a  large  platinum  crucible  and  about 
5  or  6  grams  of  pure  dry  Na2C03  (free  from  sulphur)  and 
0.3  gram  of  KNOa  are  added.*  This  charge  should  be 
intimately  mixed  by  means  of  a  platinum  spatula  or  glass 
rod,  and  then  fused.  In  order  to  protect  the  contents  of 
the  crucible  from  sulphur  in  the  flame,  the  crucible  should 
be  placed  through  a  hole  in  a  piece  of  asbestos  board  held 
in  a  slightly  inclined  position.  A  good  Bunsen  burner  is 
sufficient  to  bring  about  the  fusion.  Heat  until  a  quiet 
fusion  is  obtained. 

After  cooling,  the  melt  is  treated  in  the  crucible  with 
boiling  water  and  the  solution  poured  into  a  tall  beaker. 
More  hot  water  is  added  and  the  whole  is  agitated  until 
disintegration  is  complete.  The  solution  is  then  filtered, 
the  filtrate  is  acidified  with  HC1  and  diluted  to  about 
250  c.c.  It  is  then  heated  to  boiling  and  the  S03  is  pre- 
cipitated as  BaS04,  by  the  addition,  drop  by  drop,  of  a 
boiling  solution  of  BaCk  as  previously  described  in  the  de- 
termination of  sulphuric  acid.  The  precipitate  is  filtered, 
washed,  ignited  and  weighed  as  described  in  the  same  place. 
The  weight  of  BaSO4  obtained,  multiplied  by  the  factor 
0.1374,  gives  total  sulphur. 

Bromine  Method.  This  method  depends  upon  the  oxida- 
tion of  S  to  80s  by  means  of  Br  water.  Weigh  out  i  gram 

*  As  the  reagents  here  used,  Na2COs  and  KNOs,  are  liable  to  contain 
sulphur,  a  blank  should  be  run  first.  Results  of  subsequent  analyses  can 
then  be  corrected  for  the  amount  found. 


96  CEMENT  TESTING 

of  the  sample  into  a  porcelain  evaporating  dish  or  casserole 
and  treat  with  Br  water  in  excess.  Allow  to  digest  on  the 
water  bath  for  10  or  15  minutes,  then  acidify  with  HC1  and 
evaporate  to  dryness.  Moisten  the  residue  with  i  c.c.  of 
concentrated  HC1  and  dilute  with  200  c.c.  of  water.  This 
solution  is  then  treated  with  NH4OH  and  (NH4)2CO3,  etc., 
as  described  previously  in  the  determination  of  sulphuric 
acid  (SO3).  This  result  gives  all  the  sulphur  as  BaS04; 
this  figure,  multiplied  by  the  factor  0.1374,  gives  total 
sulphur. 

SULPHUR  EXISTING  IN  THE  CEMENT  AS  SULPHIDE. 

From  the  weight  of  BaSO4,  obtained  in  the  determination 
of  total  sulphur,  subtract  the  weight  of  BaSO4  obtained 
in  the  determination  of  sulphuric  acid  (SO3).  The  dif- 
ference will  represent  the  sulphur  existing  in  the  cement  as 
sulphide,  weighed  in  the  form  of  BaSO4.  By  multiplying 
this  weight  by  the  factor  0.1374  the  weight  of  sulphur  (S) 
existing  as  sulphide  will  be  ascertained. 

MOISTURE. 

If  a  determination  of  moisture  is  desired,  it  can  be  made 
in  the  following  simple  manner.  Weigh  out  into  a  platinum 
crucible  i  or  2  grams  of  the  sample  and  heat  for  an  hour  in 
an  air  bath  maintained  at  a  temperature  of  110°.  The 
crucible  is  then  cooled  in  a  desiccator  and  weighed.  This 
procedure  should  be  repeated  until  the  weight  is  con- 


THE   CHEMICAL   ANALYSIS   OF   CEMENT,   ETC.          97 


slant.      The   loss   in   weight   represents  moisture  in  the 
cement.* 

ALKALIES. 

In  the  analysis  of  cement,  many  chemists  determine 
alkalies  solely  by  difference,  a  procedure  which  is  entirely 
satisfactory  for  all  ordinary  purposes.  In  accurate  work, 
however,  and  especially  in  the  analysis  of  clay,  the  alkalies 
must  be  determined  gravimetrically.  For  this  determina- 
tion the  J.  Lawrence  Smith  method  alone  is  satisfactory. 

About  0.5  gram  of  the  sample  is  intimately  mixed  with 
an  equal  weight  of  pure  NH4C1  and  3  grams  of  pure  CaCO3. 
This  mixing  is  usually  done  in  an  agate  mortar.  The  mix- 
ture is  transferred  to  the  crucible  and 
covered  with  about  i  gram  of  pure 
CaCOs. 

The  J.  Lawrence  Smith  crucible,  which 
was  especially  designed  for  this  determi- 
nation, is  a  long  tube-like  receptacle 
with  a  cap  for  the  open  end.  When  the 
crucible  is  filled  it  is  capped  and  placed 
in  an  inclined  position  in  a  clay  cylinder, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  43.  The  outer  end  of 
the  crucible  remains  cool  and  thus  prevents  loss  by  volati- 
lization. Instead  of  a  clay  cylinder  a  piece  of  asbestos 

*  A  rough  determination  of  moisture  is  sometimes  made  in  testing 
laboratories,  with  a  100  or  200  gram  sample  in  a  porcelain  evaporating  dish, 
the  weighings  being  made  with  an  ordinary  scale  as  described  on  page  n. 
Such  a  determination  is  probably  entirely  satisfactory  for  all  practical 
purposes. 


FIG.  43- 


98 


CEMENT   TESTING 


board  with  a  hole  in  the  center  to  admit  the  crucible  may  be 
conveniently  used  by  clamping  it  in  a  vertical  position. 

An  ordinary  platinum  crucible  of  25  or 
30  c.c.  capacity  may  be  used  for  this  de- 
termination with  equally  good  results, 
though  it  requires  a  little  more  care  during 
the  process  of  heating.  If  an  ordinary 
crucible  is  employed,  it  should  be  fitted 
into  a  hole  in  a  piece  of  asbestos  board 
so  that  about  half  or  two-thirds  of  the 
crucible  protrudes  below  the  board  (Fig. 
44).  The  crucible  should  be  covered 
FIG.  44.  with  a  platinum  lid. 

Heat  is  at  first  applied  by  means  of  a  Bunsen  burner 
turned  very  low,  or  placed  some  distance  below  the  crucible. 
If  a  regular  J.  Lawrence  Smith  crucible  is  employed,  a  flat 
flame  should  be  used.  When  the  odor  of  ammonia  is  no 
longer  perceptible,  the  temperature  is  gradually  raised  until 
the  full  flame  of  a  strong  Bunsen  burner  is  employed. 
Two  burners  can  be  used  with  the  J.  Lawrence  Smith 
crucible.  This  heat  is  continued  for  about  40  minutes. 
After  the  crucible  is  cool,  the  cintered  mass  is  loosened  by 
gently  tapping  the  crucible  and  is  then  transferred  to  a 
porcelain  or  platinum  dish,  and  treated  with  50-75  c.c.  of 
water.  Any  of  the  mass  which  sticks  to  the  crucible  is 
loosened  by  digesting  with  a  little  water,  and  washed  into 
the  dish. 

The   dish   containing   the   cintered   mass  and  water  is 


THE   CHEMICAL   ANALYSIS   OF   CEMENT,   ETC.          99 

digested  on  the  water  bath  for  30  minutes  and  any  large 
particles  are  broken  by  means  of  a  glass  rod.  Water  lost 
by  evaporation  should  be  replaced. 

When  disintegration  is  complete,  the  solution  in  the  dish 
is  decanted  through  a  filter  and  the  residue  washed  3  or  4 
times  by  decantation.  The  residue  is  then  transferred  to 
the  filter  and  washed  until  free  from  chlorides.* 

The  filtrate  is  then  treated  with  an  excess  of  NH4OH 
and  (NH4)2CO3,  heated  to  boiling,  filtered  and  washed  once 
or  twice.  Inasmuch  as  the  precipitate  probably  still  con- 
tains traces  of  alkalies,  it  should  be  dissolved  in  HC1  and 
reprecipitated  by  mean's  of  NH4OH  and  (NH4)2CO3  in 
excess.  It  is  now  filtered  and  washed  thoroughly.  The 
two  filtrates  are  combined,  evaporated  to  dry  ness  on  the 
water  bath  and  then  gently  ignited  to  expel  all  ammonium 
salts.  Dissolve  the  residue  in  a  small  amount  of  water 
and  treat  with  a  little  NH4OH  and  (NH4)2C2O4  to  remove 
the  last  traces  of  Ca.  Allow  to  stand  over  night;  filter 
and  wash,  allowing  the  filtrate  and  washings  to  run  into  a 
weighed  platinum  dish  or  large  crucible.  Evaporate  to 
dry  ness  and  ignite  to  expel  ammonium  salts  as  before. 
Allow  to  cool;  moisten  with  HC1  to  change  any  carbonate 
into  chloride,  again  evaporate  tp  dryness  and  ignite  at  a 
low  red  heat.  Cool  in  a  desiccator  and  weigh.  This  gives 
total  alkali  as  chloride. 

Determination  of  Potassium  (K2O).  Dissolve  the  ignited 
chlorides  in  a  small  amount  of  water  and  treat  with  a  slight 
*  The  residue  on  the  filter  should  be  entirely  soluble  in  HC1. 


100  CEMENT   TESTING 

excess  of  platinum  chloride  solution.  The  approximate 
amount  of  platinum  chloride  solution  necessary  can  be 
easily  calculated  from  the  weight  of  the  alkali  as  chloride 
determined  above.  The  solution  should  be  so  dilute  that 
the  precipitate  redissolves  when  heated  on  the  water  bath. 
Allow  to  evaporate  on  the  water  bath  until  the  residue 
solidifies  on  cooling.  Drench  the  solidified  mass  with 
absolute  alcohol  or  with  80  per  cent  alcohol,  and  decant 
the  liquid  through  a  very  small  filter.  Wash  by  decanta- 
tion  with  alcohol  of  the  same  strength,  being  careful  to 
bring  as  little  as  possible  of  the  precipitate  on  the  paper. 
The  dish  and  filter  are  allowed  to  dry  for  a  few  moments, 
after  which  the  contents  of  the  dish  are  transferred  to  a 
weighed  platinum  crucible.  Any  particles  of  the  K2PtCl6 
precipitate  still  adhering  to  the  dish  should  now  be  washed 
through  the  filter  by  means  of  hot  water,  the  solution  being 
caught  in  the  crucible.  The  latter  is  then  placed  on  the 
water  bath  for  a  time  and  then  heated  for  a  few  moments 
in  an  air  bath  at  135°.  The  dish  should  be  covered  during 
the  first  few  moments  in  the  air  bath  to  prevent  loss  due 
to  decrepitation.  The  crucible  is  cooled  in  a  desiccator  and 
weighed.  The  weight  of  K2PtCl6  thus  obtained,  multiplied 
by  the  factor  0.1937,  gives  the  weight  of  potassium  as  K2O. 
Determination  of  Sodium  Oxide  (Na2O).  To  calculate 
the  weight  of  Na20,  multiply  the  weight  of  K2PtCl6  above 
found  by  the  factor  0.3067  to  find  the  weight  of  potassium 
as  KC1.  This  weight  should  be  subtracted  from  the  total 
weight  of  alkalies  as  chloride  previously  determined.  The 


THE   CHEMICAL   ANALYSIS   OF    CEMENT,   ETC.        IOI 

difference,  which  represents  the  weight  of  sodium  as  Nad, 
should  be  multiplied  by  the  factor  0.5303,  which  gives  the 
weight  of  sodium  as  Na2O. 

CARBON  DIOXIDE  (CO2). 

The  determination  of  CO2  may  be  made  by  either  of  two 
totally  different  methods,  the  "  indirect  "  and  the  "  direct," 
both  of  which  are  described  below. 

The  "  indirect  "  method  has  the  advantage  of  being 
rapid  and  requires  less  apparatus.  It  is  not  as  accurate  as 
the  direct  method,  although  for  determinations  in  limestone, 
marl,  or  other  substances  rich  in  CO2,  it  yields  very  satis- 
factory results.  This  method  is  far  less  satisfactory  for 
cement,  inasmuch  as  the  percentage  of  C02  therein  is  very 
small. 

The  "  direct  "  method  is  very  accurate  and  especially 
well  adapted  to  substances  containing  only  small  amounts 
of  CO2.  The  apparatus  required,  although  somewhat  com- 
plicated, is  easily  assimilated  and  consists  only  of  such 
pieces  as  are  ordinarily  found  in  a  chemical  laboratory. 

INDIRECT  METHOD. 

The  principle  involved  in  the  "  indirect  "  method  is  the 
determination  of  the  loss  in  weight  due  to  expulsion  of  the 
CO2.  A  special  form  of  apparatus  is  needed  for  this  deter- 
mination, the  Schrotter  apparatus,*  shown  in  Fig.  45,  being 
one  of  the  more  common  forms. 

*  Many  other  forms  of  apparatus  have  been  described  for  this  de- 
termination, among  them  those  of  Bunsen,  Fresenius,  Mohr,  Geissler, 


IO2 


CEMENT  TESTING 


FIG.  45- 


Procedure.  The  apparatus  is  first  cleaned  and  dried. 
Compartment  b  is  then  about  one-third  filled  with  concen- 
trated H2S04  and  compartment  c  is 
nearly  filled  with  dilute  HC1  (i  to  3). 
The  glass  stopper  is  then  replaced  in  c 
and  the  end  of  b  is  closed  by  means  of 
a  piece  of  rubber  tubing  carrying  a 
piece  of  glass  rod  in  one  end.  The 
apparatus  is  then  weighed. 

The  sample  is  then  introduced  into 
the  apparatus  through  #,  after  which 
the   stopper  is   quickly  replaced   and 
the  apparatus  is  again  weighed.     The 
increase  in  weight  is  the  weight  of  the  sample. 

The  rubber  stopper  is  now  removed  from  the  end  of  b 
and  stopcock  d  is  partially  opened  to  allow  the  HC1  in  c 
to  run  slowly  down  into  the  flask  and  come  into  contact 
with  the  sample.  The  C02  is  thus  liberated  and  is  forced 
out  of  the  apparatus  through  b,  the  concentrated  H2SO4  in 
this  compartment  preventing  the  escape  of  moisture.  The 
flow  of  HC1  is  so  regulated  that  the  C02  bubbles  through 
the  H2SO4  slowly  —  not  faster  than  two  bubbles  per 
second. 

After  decomposition  is  complete  and  all  HC1  has  run  from 
c  into  the  flask,  stopcock  d  is  closed  and  the  flask  is  gradually 

Rohrbeck,  etc.  All  of  these  are  designed  on  the  same  principle  as  the 
Schrotter  apparatus  and  all  are  equally  well  adapted  to  the  determination 
of  CC>2  in  carbonates,  etc. 


THE   CHEMICAL   ANALYSIS   OF   CEMENT,   ETC.        103 

heated  until  the  boiling  point  is  reached,  in  order  to  expel 
any  CO2  remaining  in  solution. 

The  stopcock  d  is  then  quickly  opened  and  the  stopper  in 
c  is  quickly  replaced  by  a  one-hole  rubber  stopper  carrying 
a  drying  tube  filled  with  soda  lime.  The  end  of  compart- 
ment b  is  now  connected  with  a  CaCl2  tube  which  in  turn  is 
connected  with  an  aspirator  and  a  current  of  air  is  slowly 
drawn  through  the  apparatus  to  drive  out  all  CO2. 

After  several  liters  of  air  have  been  drawn  through  the 
apparatus,  and  the  liquid  contents  of  the  latter  are  cool,  the 
glass  stopper  is  again  placed  in  c,  and  the  end  of  b  is  again 
closed  by  means  of  the  rubber  tube  and  glass  rod.  The 
apparatus  is  now  carefully  weighed.  The  loss  in  weight 
represents  the  weight  of  CO2. 

DIRECT  METHOD. 

In  the  direct  determination  of  CO2,  the  gas,  evolved  by 
the  action  of  acid,  is  first  passed  through  a  number  of  drying 
tubes,  after  which  it  is  absorbed  in  soda  lime  or  a  concen- 
trated solution  of  KOH.  By  weighing  the  absorption  tubes 
before  and  after  the  experiment,  the  actual  weight  of  the 
CO2  is  obtained. 

The  apparatus  employed  is  shown  in  Fig.  46.  The  flask 
b  is  of  about  100  c.c.  capacity  and  is  used  for  the  decompo- 
sition of  the  sample.  The  U-tube  c  contains  a  few  glass 
beads  moistened  with  a  little  concentrated  H2SO4.*  The 

*  A  small  condenser  can  be  advantageously  employed  between  b  and  c, 
so  arranged  as  to  cause  moisture  condensed  to  run  back  into  b. 


IO4 


CEMENT  TESTING 


first  half  of  d  is  filled  with  CaCk  and  the  second  half  with 
anhydrous  CuSO4  and  glass  wool  or  pumice,     e  contains 


CaCl2  to  remove  final  traces  of  moisture.     Glass  stoppered 
U-tubes  /  and  g  are  the  absorption  tubes.     The  former  is 


THE    CHEMICAL   ANALYSIS   OF   CEMENT,   ETC.        105 

filled  with  soda  lime  and  the  latter  contains  soda  lime  in  the 
first  half  and  CaCl2  in  the  other  half.  This  CaCl2  absorbs 
any  moisture  liberated  by  the  absorption  of  CO2  in  the  soda 
lime,  h  is  a  Liebig  bulb  filled  with  concentrated  H2SO4. 
This  prevents  moisture  from  backing  up  into  the  absorption 
tubes,  and  also  indicates  the  rate  at  which  the  gas  is  passing 
through  the  apparatus.  The  bulb  h  is  connected  directly 
to  the  aspirator.  The  small  U-tube  a  is  filled  with  soda  lime, 
and  is  attached  as  shown  in  the  figure  while  air  is  being 
drawn  through  the  apparatus,  thus  freeing  it  from  CO2. 

After  filling  the  various  tubes  as  described  above,  they 
are  joined  together  as  shown  in  the  drawing,  by  means  of 
small  pieces  of  rubber  tubing.  Every  joint  should  be 
securely  wired. 

Procedure.  Air  is  first  passed  through  the  apparatus  for 
some  time  in  order  to  free  it  from  traces  of  CO2.  During 
this  process  h  may  be  connected  directly  to  e,  as  it  is  not 
necessary  for  the  absorption  tubes  to  be  in  position.  The 
weighed  sample  is  then  introduced  into  the  flask  b,  which  is 
immediately  closed.  The  tube  a  is  now  removed  and  the 
funnel  tube  in  b  is  filled  with  dilute  HC1  (about  1:3).  The 
two  absorption  tubes,  which  should  be  tightly  closed,  are 
now  weighed,  after  which  they  are  connected  with  the 
apparatus,  as  shown,  and  the  joints  tightly  wired. 

The  dilute  HC1  in  the  funnel  tube  is  now  allowed  to  run 
into  b  a  little  at  a  time,  to  decompose  the  carbonate.  The 
rate  of  flow  must  be  so  regulated  that  not  more  than  two 
bubbles  a  second  pass  through  h.  When  all  HC1  has  run 


106  CEMENT  TESTING 

into  b,  the  stopcock  in  the  funnel  tube  is  closed  and  the 
contents  of  the  flask  are  gradually  heated  to  the  boiling 
point  to  drive  out  any  CO2  in  solution  in  the  acid.  The 
flame  is  then  removed,  the  stopcock  in  the  funnel  tube  is 
opened  and  the  U-tube  a  connected  as  shown  in  the  draw- 
ing. By  means  of  the  aspirator,  air  is  now  drawn  through 
the  apparatus  to  completely  sweep  all  CO2  into  the  absorp- 
tion tubes. 

After  several  liters  of  air  have  been  aspirated  through  the 
apparatus,  the  stoppers  in  /  and  g  are  tightly  closed,  after 
which  they  are  taken  from  the  apparatus  and  weighed. 
The  increase  in  weight  is  the  weight  of  the  CC>2. 

ANALYSIS  or  LIMESTONE. 

Limestone  is  essentially  a  carbonate  of  calcium,  but  it 
always  contains  more  or  less  silica,  iron,  alumina,  and 
magnesia  as  impurities.  Limestone  is  very  readily  at- 
tacked by  dilute  HC1,  hence  no  preliminary  treatment  is 
necessary  to  prepare  it  for  the  various  determinations. 

Procedure.  Weigh  out  0.5  gram  of  the  finely  powdered 
sample  into  a  good- sized  platinum  dish  and  add  water  to 
cover  the  powder.  Add  dilute  HC1,  a  little  at  a  time, 
being  careful  to  cover  the  dish  quickly  with  a  watch  glass 
after  each  addition.  When  sufficient  acid  has  been  added 
and  effervescence  no  longer  takes  place,  wash  the  cover 
glass,  allowing  the  washings  to  run  into  the  dish,  place  the 
latter  on  the  water  bath  and  evaporate  to  dryness.  Take 
up  with  HC1  and  water,  etc.,  and  proceed  with  the 


THE   CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS   OF   CEMENT,    ETC.        107 

various  determinations  as  heretofore  described  under  the 
heading,   "  Analysis  of  Cement." 

Moisture,  loss  on  ignition,  and  C02  are  made  with  sepa- 
rate samples.     Frequently  CO2  is  determined  by  difference 
—  a  method  which  yields  results  entirely  satisfactory  for 
all  ordinary  purposes. 

Determinations  of  SO3,  total  S,  and  alkalies  are  not 
necessary. 

ANALYSIS  or  MARL. 

In  the  analysis  of  marl,  decomposition  is  effected  by 
means  of  HC1  as  described  under  the  heading,  "  Analysis 
of  Limestone."  Marl  may,  however,  contain  more  or  less 
clay  which  is  not  decomposed  by  the  acid.  If  this  is  the 
case,  as  can  readily  be  told  from  the  appearance  of  the 
silica,  the  latter  must  be  fused  with  dry  Na2CO3,  as  de- 
scribed under  the  heading,  "  Analysis  of  Clay." 

In  the  analysis  of  marl  the  same  determinations  should 
be  made  as  in  the  case  of  cement  —  the  analysis  should 
always  include  determinations  of  S,  SO3  and  alkalies. 

ANALYSIS  or  SLAG. 

In  the  analysis  of  slag,  proceed  exactly  as  in  the  case  of 
cement,  making  all  the  determinations  as  described  under 
the  heading,  "  Analysis  of  Cement." 

ANALYSIS  OF  CLAY. 

In  the  analysis  of  clay,  practically  the  same  determina- 
tions are  made  as  in  the  case  of  cement,  although  a  far 


108  CEMENT  TESTING 

different  preliminary  treatment  is  necessary  on  account  of 
the  insolubility  of  clay  in  HC1.  This  preliminary  treat- 
ment consists  in  fusing  the  clay  with  Na2CO3,  thereby 
changing  its  ingredients  into  forms  which  are  readily  de- 
composed by  HC1. 

About  0.5  gram  of  the  finely  powdered  sample*  is  weighed 
out  into  a  platinum  crucible  of  25  or  30  c.c.  capacity,  3  or 
4  grams  of  pure  dry  Na2CO3  are  added,  and  the  whole  is 
intimately  mixed  by  stirring  with  a  platinum  spatula  or 
glass  rod.  A  little  Na2CO3  is  now  sprinkled  on  top,  the 
crucible  covered,  placed  on  a  triangle  and  heated.  Heat 
should  be  applied  gently  at  first  by  means  of  a  Bunsen 
burner  turned  low.  The  temperature  is  then  gradually 
raised  until  the  full  force  of  a  Teclu  burner  or  blast  lamp 
is  used.  The  heating  is  continued  until  CO2  is  no  longer 
evolved,  and  the  contents  of  the  dish  are  in  a  state  of  quiet 
fusion. 

When  the  crucible  is  cool  it  is  placed  in  a  beaker  and 
partially  covered  with  water.  It  is  then  allowed  to  digest 
until  the  melt  is  thoroughly  disintegrated.  The  crucible 
is  then  withdrawn  and  washed  with  water  and  a  little 
dilute  HC1,  the  washings  being  added  to  the  contents  of 
the  beaker. 

The  beaker  is  then  covered  with  a  watch  glass  and  HC1 
is  added  a  little  at  a  time,  the  watch  glass  being  quickly 
replaced  after  each  addition  of  acid.  When  C02  is  no 

*  It  is  customary  to  dry  the  sample  at  105  or  110°  in  the  air  bath  before 
making  the  analysis. 


THE  CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS  OF   CEMENT,   ETC.        109 

longer  evolved,  the  contents  of  the  beaker  are  transferred 
to  a  platinum  dish  and  evaporated  to  dryness  on  the  water 
bath.  The  various  determinations  Si02,  Fe2O3,  etc.,  are 
then  made  as  heretofore  described  in  the  analysis  of  cement. 
For  the  determination  of  alkalies  in  clay,  exactly  the  same 
procedure  is  employed  as  for  the  determination  of  alkalies 
in  cement. 


APPENDIX 


STANDARD    SPECIFICATIONS    AND   UNIFORM 

METHODS  OF  TESTING  AND  ANALYSIS 

FOR    PORTLAND    CEMENT 

EMBRACING 

THE  REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  STANDARD  SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  CEMENT 

OF  THE  AMERICAN  SOCIETY  FOR  TESTING  MATERIALS;   THE  REPORT  OF 

THE     COMMITTEE     ON     UNIFORM     TESTS    OF     CEMENT     OF     THE 

AMERICAN     SOCIETY     OF     CIVIL     ENGINEERS;     AND     THE 

REPORT   OF    THE   COMMITTEE   ON   UNIFORMITY   IN 

TECHNICAL  ANALYSIS  FOR  LIMESTONES,  RAW 
MIXTURES  AND  PORTLAND  CEMENTS 
OF  THE  SOCIETY  FOR  CHEM- 
ICAL INDUSTRY  (NEW 
YORK  SECTION) 

(Reprinted  by  permission) 


APPENDIX. 


STANDARD   SPECIFICATIONS   FOR  PORTLAND   CEMENT 

Adopted  by  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  August  i6th, 

1909. 

GENERAL  OBSERVATIONS. 

These  remarks  have  been  prepared  with  a  view  of  pointing  out  the 
pertinent  features  of  the  various  requirements  and  the  precautions 
to  be  observed  in  the  interpretation  of  the  results  of  the  tests. 

The  Committee  would  suggest  that  the  acceptance  or  rejection 
under  these  specifications  be  based  on  tests  made  by  an  experienced 
person  having  the  proper  means  for  making  the  tests 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY. 

Specific  gravity  is  useful  in  detecting  adulteration.  The  results 
of  tests  of  specific  gravity  are  not  necessarily  conclusive  as  an  indi- 
cation of  the  quality  of  a  cement,  but  when  in  combination  with  the 
results  of  other  tests  may  afford  valuable  indications. 

FINENESS. 
The  sieves  should  be  kept  thoroughly  dry. 

TIME  OF  SETTING. 

Great  care  should  be  exercised  to  maintain  the  test  pieces  under 
as  uniform  conditions  as  possible.  A  sudden  change  or  wide  range 
of  temperature  in  the  room  in  which  the  tests  are  made,  a  very  dry 
or  humid  atmosphere,  and  other  irregularities  vitally  affect  the  rate 

of  setting. 

CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME. 

The  tests  for  constancy  of  volume  are  divided  into  two  classes, 
the  first  normal,  the  second  accelerated.  The  latter  should  be  re- 
garded as  a  precautionary  test  only  and  not  infallible.  So  many 


114  APPENDIX 

conditions  enter  into  the  making  and  interpreting  of  it  that  it  should 
be  used  with  extreme  care. 

In  making  the  pats  the  greatest  care  should  be  exercised  to  avoid 
initial  strains  due  to  molding  or  to  too  rapid  drying-out  during  the 
first  twenty-four  hours.  The  pats  should  be  preserved  under  the 
most  uniform  conditions  possible,  and  rapid  changes  of  temperature 
should  be  avoided. 

The  failure  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  accelerated  tests 
need  not  be  sufficient  cause  for  rejection.  The  cement  may,  how- 
ever, be  held  for  twenty-eight  days,  and  a  retest  made  at  the  end  of 
that  period,  using  a  new  sample.  Failure  to  meet  the  requirements 
at  this  time  should  be  considered  sufficient  cause  for  rejection, 
although  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  it  cannot  be  said 
that  such  failure  necessarily  indicates  unsoundness,  nor  can  the 
cement  be  considered  entirely  satisfactory  simply  because  it  passes 
the  tests. 

SPECIFICATIONS. 
GENERAL   CONDITIONS. 

All  cement  shall  be  inspected. 

Cement  may  be  inspected  either  at  the  place  of  manufacture  or 
on  the  work. 

In  order  to  allow  ample  time  for  inspecting  and  testing,  the  cement 
should  be  stored  in  a  suitable  weather-tight  building  having  the  floor 
properly  blocked  or  raised  from  the  ground. 

The  cement  shall  be  stored  in  such  a  manner  as  to  permit  easy 
access  for  proper  inspection  and  identification  of  each  shipment. 

Every  facility  shall  be  provided  by  the  contractor  and  a  period 
of  at  least  twelve  days  allowed  for  the  inspection  and  necessary 
tests. 

Cement  shall  be  delivered  in  suitable  packages  with  the  brand 
and  name  of  manufacturer  plainly  marked  thereon. 

A  bag  of  cement  shall  contain  94  pounds  of  cement  net.  Each 
barrel  of  Portland  cement  shall  contain  4  bags,  and  each  barrel  of 
natural  cement  shall  contain  3  bags  of  the  above  net  weight. 

Cement  failing  to  meet  the  seven-day  requirements  may  be  held 
awaiting  the  results  of  the  twenty-eight  day  tests  before  rejection. 

All  tests  shall  be  made  in  accordance  with  the  methods  proposed 


APPENDIX  115 

by  the  Committee  on  Uniform  Tests  of  Cement  of  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  presented  to  the  Society,  January  21, 
1903,  and  amended  January  20,  1904,  and  January  15,  1908,  with 
all  subsequent  amendments  thereto. 

The  acceptance  or  rejection  shall  be  based  on  the  following  re- 
quirements: 

PORTLAND    CEMENT. 

DEFINITION.  —  This  term  is  applied  to  the  finely  pulverized 
product  resulting  from  the  calcination  to  incipient  fusion  of  an  inti- 
mate mixture  of  properly  proportioned  argillaceous  and  calcareous 
materials,  and  to  which  no  addition  greater  than  3  per  cent  has  been 
made  subsequent  to  calcination. 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY. 

The  specific  gravity  of  cement  shall  not  be  less  than  3.10.  Should 
the  test  of  cement  as  received  fall  below  this  requirement,  a  second 
test  may  be  made  upon  a  sample  ignited  at  a  low  red  heat.  The 
loss  in  weight  of  the  ignited  cement  shall  not  exceed  4  per  cent. 

FINENESS. 

It  shall  leave  by  weight  a  residue  of  not  more  than  8  per  cent  on 
the  No.  100,  and  not  more  than  25  per  cent  on  the  No.  200  sieve. 

TIME  OF  SETTING. 

It  shall  not  develop  initial  set  in  less  than  thirty  minutes;  and 
must  develop  hard  set  in  not  less  than  one  hour,  nor  more  than  ten 
hours. 

TENSILE  STRENGTH 

The  minimum  requirements  for  tensile  strength  for  briquettes 
one  square  inch  in  cross  section  shall  be  as  follows  and  the  cement 
shall  show  no  retrogression  in  strength  within  the  periods  specified : 

Age.  Neat  Cement.  Strength. 

24  hours  in  moist  air 175  Ibs. 

7  days  (i  day  in  moist  air,  6  days  in  water) 500  Ibs. 

28  days  (i  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 600  Ibs. 

One  Part  Cement,  Three  Parts  Standard  Ottawa  Sand. 

7  days  (i  day  in  moist  air,  6  days  in  water) 200  Ibs. 

28  days  (i  day  in  moist  air,  27  days  in  water) 275  Ibs. 


Il6  APPENDIX 


CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME. 

Pats  of  neat  cement  about  three  inches  in  diameter,  one-half  inch 
thick  at  the  center,  and  tapering  to  a  thin  edge,  shall  be  kept  in 
moist  air  for  a  period  of  twenty-four  hours. 

(a)  A  pat  is  then  kept  in  air  at  normal  temperature  and  observed 
at  intervals  for  at  least  28  days. 

(b)  Another  pat  is  kept  in  water  maintained  as  near  70°  F.  as 
practicable,  and  observed  at  intervals  for  at  least  28  days. 

(c)  A  third  pat  is  exposed  in  any  convenient  way  in  an  atmos- 
phere of  steam,  above  boiling  water,  in  a  loosely  closed  vessel  for 
five  hours. 

These  pats,  to  satisfactorily  pass  the  requirements,  shall  remain 
firm  and  hard  and  show  no  signs  of  distortion,  checking,  cracking,  or 
disintegrating. 

SULPHURIC  Aero  AND  MAGNESIA. 

The  cement  shall  not  contain  more  than  1.75  per  cent  of  anhydrous 
sulphuric  acid  (SO3),  nor  more  than  4  per  cent  of  magnesia  (MgO). 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  UNIFORM  TESTS  OF  CEMENT 
OF  THE  AMERICAN  SOCIETY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERS. 

Presented  at  the  Annual  Meeting,  January  i8th,  ign. 

Your  Committee  on  Uniform  Tests  of  Cement  presents  the  fol- 
lowing report: 

SAMPLING. 

i.  — Selection  of  Sample.  — The  selection  of  the  sample  for  test- 
ing is  a  detail  that  must  be  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  engineer; 
the  number  and  the  quantity  to  be  taken  from  each  package  will 
depend  largely  on  the  importance  of  the  work,  the  number  of  tests 
to  be  made  and  the  facilities  for  making  them. 

2. — The  sample  shall  be  a  fair  average  of  the  contents  of  the 
package;  it  is  recommended  that,  where  conditions  permit,  one  bar- 
rel in  every  ten  be  sampled. 

3.  —  Samples  should  be  passed  through  a  sieve  having  twenty 


APPENDIX  117 

meshes  per  linear  inch,  in  order  to  break  up  lumps  and  remove  for- 
eign material;  this  is  also  a  very  effective  method  for  mixing  them 
together  in  order  to  obtain  an  average.  For  determining  the  char- 
acteristics of  a  shipment  of  cement,  the  individual  samples  may  be 
mixed  and  the  average  tested;  where  time  will  permit,  however,  it 
is  recommended  that  they  be  tested  separately. 

4.  —  Method  of  Sampling.  —  Cement  in  barrels  should  be  sampled 
through  a  hole  made  in  the  center  of  one  of  the  staves,  midway 
between  the  heads,  or  in  the  head,  by  means  of  an  auger  or  a  sampling 
iron  similar  to  that  used  by  sugar  inspectors.  If  in  bags,  it  should 
be  taken  from  surface  to  center 

CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS. 

5. — Significance.  —  Chemical  analysis  may  render  valuable 
service  in  the  detection  of  adulteration  of  cement  with  considerable 
amounts  of  inert  material,  such  as  slag  or  ground  limestone.  It  is 
of  use,  also,  in  determining  whether  certain  constituents,  believed 
to  be  harmful  when  in  excess  of  a  certain  percentage,  as  magnesia 
and  sulphuric  anhydride,  are  present  in  inadmissible  proportions. 

6.  —  The  determination  of  the  principal  constituents  of  cement 
—  silica,  alumina,  iron  oxide  and  lime  —  is  not  conclusive  as  an  in- 
dication of  quality.     Faulty  character  of  cement  results  more  fre- 
quently from  imperfect  preparation  of  the  raw  material  or  defective 
burning  than  from  incorrect  proportions  of  the  constituents.     Cement 
made  from  very  finely-ground  material,  and  thoroughly  burned,  may 
contain  much  more  lime  than  the  amount  usually  present,  and  still 
be  perfectly  sound.     On  the  other  hand,  cements  low  in  lime  may, 
on  account  of  careless  preparation  of  the  raw  material,  be  of  danger- 
ous character.     Further,  the  ash  of  the  fuel  used  in  burning  may 
so  greatly  modify  the  composition  of  the  product  as  largely  to  de- 
stroy the  significance  of  the  results  of  analysis. 

7.  —  Method.  —  As  a  method  to  be  followed  for  the  analysis  of 
cement,  that  proposed  by   the  Committee   on   Uniformity   in   the 
Analysis  of  Materials  for  the  Portland  Cement  Industry,   of  the 
New  York  Section  of  the  Society  for  Chemical  Industry,  and  pub- 
lished in  Engineering  News,  Vol.  50,  p.  60,  1903;  and  in  The  Engineer- 
ing Record,  Vol.  48,  p.  49,  1903,  is  recommended. 


n8 


APPENDIX 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY. 

8.  —  Significance.  —  The  specific  gravity  of  cement  is  lowered  by 
adulteration  and  hydration,  but  the  adulteration  must  be  in  con- 
siderable quantity  to  affect  the  results  appreciably. 

9.  —  Inasmuch  as  the  differences  in  specific  gravity  are  usually 
very  small,  great  care  must  be  exercised  in  making  the  determina- 
tion. 

10.  —  Apparatus   and   Methqd.  —  The    determination    of    specific 
gravity  is  most  conveniently  'made  with  Le  Chatelier's  apparatus. 


I 


FIG.  i. 

This  consists  of  a  flask  (D),  Fig.  i,  of  120  cu.  cm.  (7.32  cu.  in.) 
capacity,  the  neck  of  which  is  about  20  cm.  (7.87  in.)  long;  in  the 
middle  of  this  neck  is  a  bulb  (C),  above  and  below  which  are  two 
marks  (F)  and  (£);  the  volume  between  these  marks  is  20  cu.  cm. 
(1.22  cu.  in.).  The  neck  has  a  diameter  of  about  9  mm.  (0.35  in.), 
and  is  graduated  into  tenths  of  cubic  centimeters  above  the  mark 
(F). 

11.  —  Benzine  (62°  Baume  naphtha),  or  kerosene  free  from  water, 
should  be  used  in  making  the  determination. 

12.  —  The  specific  gravity  is  determined  as  follows: 

The  flask  is  filled  with  either  of  these  liquids  to  the  lower  mark 
(£),  and  64  gms.  (2.25  oz.)  of  powder,  cooled  to  the  temperature  of 


APPENDIX  IIQ 

the  liquid,  is  gradually  introduced  through  the  funnel  (B)  [the  stem 
of  which  extends  into  the  flask  at  the  top  of  the  bulb  (C)],  until  all 
the  powder  is  introduced,  and  the  level  of  the  liquid  rises  to  some 
division  of  the  graduated  neck.  This  reading  plus  20  cu.  cm.  is  the 
volume  displaced  by  64  gms.  of  the  powder. 

13.  —  The  specific  gravity  is  then  obtained  from  the  formula: 

Weight  of  Cement,  in  grams 


Specific  Gravity  = 


Displaced  Volume,  in  cubic  centimeters 


14.  —  The  flask,  during  the  operation,  is  kept  immersed  in  water 
in  a  jar  (^4),  in  order  to  avoid  variations  in  the  temperature  of  the 
liquid.     The  results  should  agree  within  o.oi.     The  determination 
of  specific  gravity  should  be  made  on  the  cement  as  received;   and, 
should  it  fall  below  3.10,  a  second  determination  should  be  made  on 
the  sample  ignited  at  a  low  red  heat. 

15.  —  A   convenient   method   for   cleaning   the   apparatus   is   as 
follows:   The  flask  is  inverted  over  a  large  vessel,  preferably  a  glass 
jar,  and  shaken  vertically  until  the  liquid  starts  to  flow  freely;    it 
is  then  held  still  in  a  vertical  position  until  empty;    the  remaining 
traces  of  cement  can  be  removed  in  a  similar  manner  by  pouring 
into  the  flask  a  small  quantity  of  clean  liquid  benzine  or  kerosene 
and  repeating  the  operation. 

FINENESS. 

16.  —  Significance.  —  It  is   generally  accepted   that   the   coarser 
particles  in  cement  are  practically  inert,  and  it  is  only  the  extremely 
fine  powder  that  possesses  adhesive  or  cementing  qualities.     The 
more  finely  cement  is  pulverized,   all  other  conditions  being  the 
same,  the  more  sand  it  will  carry  and  produce  a  mortar  of  a  given 
strength. 

17. —  The  degree  of  final  pulverization  which  the  cement  re- 
ceives at  the  place  of  manufacture  is  ascertained  by  measuring  the 
residue  retained  on  certain  sieves.  Those  known  as  the  No.  100 
and  No.  200  sieves  are  recommended  for  this  purpose. 

18. — Apparatus. — The  sieves  should  be  circular,  about  20  cm. 
(7.87  in.)  in  diameter,  6  cm.  (2.36  in.)  high,  and  provided  with  a 
pan,  5  cm.  (1.97  in.)  deep,  and  a  cover. 


120  APPENDIX 

19.  —  The  wire  cloth  should  be  of  brass  wire  having  the  following 
diameters: 

No.  100,  0.0045  m-5  No.  200,  0.0024  in. 

20.  —  This  cloth  should  be  mounted  on  the  frames  without  dis- 
tortion;   the  mesh  should  be  regular  in  spacing  and  be  within  the 
following  limits: 

No.  100,    96  to  100  meshes  to  the  linear  inch. 
No.  200,  188  to  200  meshes  to  the  linear  inch. 

21.  —  Fifty  grams  (1.76  oz.)  or  100  g.  (3.52  oz.)  should  be  used 
for  the  test,  and  dried  at  a  temperature  of  100°  Cent.  (2i2°Fahr.) 
prior  to  sieving,   tj 

22. — Method.  —  The  thoroughly  dried  and  coarsely  screened 
sample  is  weighed  and  placed  on  the  No.  200  sieve,  which,  with  pan 
and  cover  attached,  is  held  in  one  hand  in  a  slightly  inclined  posi- 
tion, and  moved  forward  and  backward,  at  the  same  time  striking 
the  side  gently  with  the  palm  of  the  other  hand,  at  the  rate  of  about 
200  strokes  per  minute.  The  operation  is  continued  until  not  more 
than  one-tenth  of  i  per  cent  passes  through  after  one  minute  of  con- 
tinuous sieving.  The  residue  is  weighed,  then  placed  on  the  No.  100 
sieve  and  the  operation  repeated.  The  work  may  be  expedited  by 
placing  in  the  sieve  a  small  quantity  of  large  steel  shot.  The  results 
should  be  reported  to  the  nearest  tenth  of  i  per  cent. 

NORMAL  CONSISTENCY. 

23.  — Significance.  — The  use  of  a  proper  percentage  of  water  in 
making  the  pastes  *  from  which  pats,  tests  of  setting,  and  briquettes 
are  made,  is  exceedingly  important,  and  affects  vitally  the  results 
obtained. 

24.  —  The  determination  consists  in  measuring  the  amount  of 
water  required  to  reduce  the  cement  to  a  given  state  of  plasticity, 
or  to  what  is  usually,  designated  the  normal  consistency. 

25. — The  Committee  recommends  the  following  method  for 
determining  normal  consistency. 

*The  term  "paste"  is  used  in  this  report  to  designate  a  mixture  of 
cement  and  water,  and  the  word  "mortar"  a  mixture  of  cement,  sand  and 
water. 


APPENDIX 


121 


26. — Method,  Vicat  Needle  Apparatus.  —  This  consists  of  a 
frame  (1C),  Fig.  2,  bearing  a  movable  rod  (£,),  with  the  cap  (A)  at 
one  end,  and  at  the  other  the  cylinder  (B),  i  cm.  (0.39  in.)  in  diam- 
eter, the  cap,  rod,  and  cylinder  weighing  300  gms.  (10.58  oz.).  The 
rod,  which  can  be  held  in  any  desired  position  by  a  screw  (F),  car- 
ries an  indicator,  which  moves  over  a  scale  (graduated  to  centi- 
meters) attached  to  the  frame  (K).  The  paste  is  held  by  a  conical, 
hard-rubber  ring  (7),  7  cm.  (2.76  in.)  in  diameter  at  the  base,  4  cm. 
(1.57  in.)  high,  resting  on  a  glass  plate  (7),  about  10  cm.  (3.94  in.) 
square. 

D  D 

ma 

A 


VICAT  NEEDLE. 
FlG.    2. 


27.  —  In  making  the  determination,  the  same  quantity  of  cement 
as  will  be  subsequently  used  for  each  batch  in  making  the  briquettes, 
but  not  less  than  500  gms.,  is  kneaded  into  a  paste,  as  described  in 
Paragraph  52,  and  quickly  formed  into  a  ball  with  the  hands,  com- 
pleting the  operation  by  tossing  it  six  times  from  one  hand  to  the 
other,  maintained  6  in.  apart;  the  ball  is  then  pressed  into  the  rubber 
ring,  through  the  larger  opening,  smoothed  off,  and  placed  (on  its 
large  end)  on  a  glass  plate  and  the  smaller  end  smoothed  off  with 
a  trowel;  the  paste,  confined  in  the  ring,  resting  on  the  plate,  is 
placed  under  the  rod  bearing  the  cylinder,  which  is  brought  in  con- 
tact with  the  surface  and  quickly  released. 


122 


APPENDIX 


28.  —  The  paste  is  of  normal  consistency  when  the  cylinder  in 
one  minute  from  the  time  it  is  released  penetrates  to  a  point  in  the 
mass  10  mm.  (0.39  in.)  below  the  top  of  the  ring.     Great  care  must 
be  taken  to  fill  the  ring  exactly  to  the  top.     The  apparatus  must  be 
free  from  all  vibrations  during  the  test. 

29.  —  The   trial   pastes   are   made   with   varying   percentages   of 
water  until  the  correct  consistency  is  obtained. 

30.  —  The  Committee  has  recommended,  as  normal,  a  paste,  the 
consistency  of  which  is  rather  wet,  because  it  believes  that  variations 
in  the  amount  of  compression  to  which  the  briquette  is  subjected  in 
moulding  are  likely  to  be  less  with  such  a  paste. 

31.  —  Having  determined  in  this  manner  the  proper  percentage 
of  water  required  to  produce  a  paste  of  normal  consistency,   the 
proper  percentage  required  for  the  mortars  is  obtained  from  the 
table  below. 

PERCENTAGE  OF  WATER  FOR  STANDARD  MORTARS 


One  cement, 

One  cement, 

One  cement, 

Neat. 

three  standard 

Neat. 

three  standard 

Neat. 

three  standard 

Ottawa  sand. 

Ottawa  sand. 

Ottawa  sand. 

is 

8.0 

23 

9-3 

31 

10.7 

16 

8.2 

24 

9-5 

32 

10.8 

17 

8.3 

25 

9-7 

33 

II  .0 

18 

8.5 

26 

9.8 

34 

II  .2 

iQ 

8.7 

27 

10.  O 

35 

"•5 

20 

8.8 

28 

10.  2 

36 

n-5 

21 

9.0 

29 

10.3 

37 

ii.  7 

22 

9.2 

30 

io-5 

38 

ii.  8 

TIME  OF  SETTING. 

32. — Significance. — The  object  of  this  test  is  to  determine  the 
time  which  elapses  from  the  moment  water  is  added  until  the  paste 
ceases  to  be  fluid  and  plastic  (called  the  "initial  set"),  and  also  the 
time  required  for  it  to  acquire  a  certain  degree  of  hardness  (called 
the  "final"  or  "hard  set").  The  former  of  these  is  the  more  im- 
portant, since,  with  the  commencement  of  setting,  the  process  of 
crystallization  or  hardening  is  said  to  begin.  As  a  disturbance  of 
this  process  may  produce  a  loss  of  strength,  it  is  desirable  to  com- 


APPENDIX  123 

plete  the  operation  of  mixing  and  moulding  or  incorporating  the 
mortar  into  the  work  before  the  cement  begins  to  set. 

33.  —  It  is  usual  to  measure  arbitrarily  the  beginning  and  end 
of  the  setting  by  the  penetration  of  weighted  wires  of  given  di- 
ameters. 

34.  —  Method.  —  For  this  purpose  the  Vicat  Needle,  which  has 
already  been  described  in  Paragraph  26,  should  be  used. 

35. — In  making  the  test,  a  paste  of  normal  consistency  is 
molded  and  placed  under  the  rod  (Z,),  Fig.  2,  as  described  in  Para- 
graph 27;  this  rod,  bearing  the  cap  (D)  at  one  end  and  the  needle 
(H),  i  mm.  (0.039  mO  m  diameter,  at  the  other,  weighing  300  gms. 
(10.58  oz.).  The  needle  is  then  carefully  brought  in  contact  with 
the  surface  of  the  paste  and  quickly  released. 

36.  —  The  setting  is  said  to  have  commenced  when  the  needle 
ceases  to  pass  a  point  5  mm.  (0.20  in.)  above  the  upper  surface  of 
the  glass  plate,  and  is  said  to  have  terminated  the  moment  the  needle 
does  not  sink  visibly  into  the  mass. 

37.  —  The  test  pieces  should  be  stored  in  moist  air  during  the 
test;  this  is  accomplished  by  placing  them  on  a  rack  over  water  con- 
tained in  a  pan  and  covered  with  a  damp  cloth,  the  cloth  to  be  kept 
away  from  them  by  means  of  a  wire  screen;   or  they  may  be  stored 
in  a  moist  box  or  closet. 

38.  —  Care  should  be  taken  to  keep  the  needle  clean,  as  the  collec- 
tion of  cement  on  the  sides  of  the  needle  retards  the  penetration, 
while  cement  on  the  point  reduces  the  area  and  tends  to  increase  the 
penetration. 

39.  —  The  determination  of  the  time  of  setting  is  only  approxi- 
mate, being  materially  affected  by  the  temperature  of  the  mixing 
water,  the  temperature  and  humidity  of  the  air  during  the  test,  the 
percentage  of  water  used,  and  the  amount  of  kneading  the  paste 
receives. 

STANDARD  SAND. 

40.  —  The  Committee  recommends  the  natural  sand  from  Ottawa, 
111.,  screened  to  pass  a  sieve  having  20  meshes  per  linear  inch  and 
retained  on  a  sieve  having  30  meshes  per  linear  inch;    the  wires  to 
have  diameters  of  0.0165  and  0.0112  in.,  respectively,  i.e.,  half  the 
width  of  the  opening  in  each  case.     Sand  having  passed  the  No.  20 


124 


APPENDIX 


sieve  shall  be  considered  standard  when  not  more  than  i  per  cent 
passes  a  No.  30  sieve  after  one  minute's  continuous  sifting  of  a  5oo-g 
sample.* 

FORM  OF  TEST  PIECES. 

41.  —  For  tension  tests  the  Committee  recommends  the  form  of 
test  piece  shown  in  Fig.  3. 


DETAILS  FOR  BRIQUETTE. 
FlG.  3. 

42.  —  For  compression  tests  a  2-in.  cube  is  recommended. 

MOLDS. 

43.  —  The  molds  should  be  made  of  brass,  bronze,  or  some  equally 
non-corrodible  material,  having  sufficient  metal  in  the  sides  to  pre- 
vent spreading  during  molding. 

44.  —  Gang  molds,  which  permit  molding  a  number  of  briquettes 
at  one   time,  are  preferred   by  many  to   single   molds;   since   the 

*This  sand  may  be  obtained  from  the  Ottawa  Silica  Company  at  a 
cost  of  two  cents  per  pound,  f.  o.  b.  cars,  Ottawa,  Illinois. 


APPENDIX  125 

greater  quantity  of  mortar  that  can  be  mixed  tends  to  produce 
greater  uniformity  in  the  results.  The  type  shown  in  Fig.  4  is 
recommended. 


DETAILS  FOR  GANG  MOULD. 
FIG.  4. 

45.  —  The  molds  should  be  wiped  with  an  oily  cloth  before  using. 

MIXING. 

46.  —  All  proportions  should  be  stated  by  weight;  the  quantity  of 
water  to  be  used  should  be  stated  as  a  percentage  of  the  dry  material. 

47.  —  The  metric  system  is  recommended  because  of  the  con- 
venient relation  of  the  gram  and  the  cubic  centimeter. 

48.  —  The  temperature  of  the  room  and  the  mixing  water  should 
be  as  near  21°  Cent.  (70°  Fahr.)  as  it  is  practicable  to  maintain  it. 

49.  —  The  sand  and  cement  should  be  thoroughly  mixed  dry. 
The  mixing  should  be  done  on  some  non-absorbing  surface,  prefer- 
ably plate  glass.     If  the  mixing  must  be  done  on  an  absorbing  sur- 
face it  should  be  thoroughly  dampened  prior  to  use. 

50.  —  The   quantity  of  material  to  be  mixed  at  one   time   de- 
pends on  the  number  of  test  pieces  to  be  made;  about  1,000  gms. 
(35.28oz.)  makes  a  convenient  quantity  to  mix,  especially  by  hand 
methods. 

51.  —  The  Committee,  after  investigation  of  the  various  mechan- 
ical mixing  machines,  has  decided  not  to  recommend  any  machine 
that  has  thus  far  been  devised,  for  the  following  reasons: 

(i)  The  tendency  of  most  cement  is  to  "ball  up"  in  the  machine^ 
thereby  preventing  the  working  of  it  into  a  homogeneous  paste; 
(2)  there  is  no  means  of  ascertaining  when  the  mixing  is  complete 
without  stopping  the  machine;  and  (3)  the  difficulty  of  keeping  the 
machine  clean. 

52.  —  Method.  —  The  material  is  weighed  and  placed  on  the  mix- 
ing table,  and  a  crater  formed  in  the  center,  into  which  the  proper 
percentage  of  clean  water  is  poured;   the  material  on  the  outer  edge 


126  APPENDIX 

is  turned  into  the  crater  by  the  aid  of  a  trowel.  As  soon  as  the 
water  has  been  absorbed,  which  should  not  require  more  than  one 
minute,  the  operation  is  completed  by  vigorously  kneading  with  the 
hands  for  an  additional  one  minute,  the  process  being  similar  to  that 
used  in  kneading  dough.  A  sand-glass  affords  a  convenient  guide 
for  the  time  of  kneading.  During  the  operation  of  mixing,  the 
hands  should  be  protected  by  gloves,  preferably  of  rubber. 

MOLDING. 

53.  —  Having  worked  the  paste  or  mortar  to  the  proper  consist- 
ency, it  is  at  once  placed  in  the  molds  by  hand. 

54.  —  The  Committee  has  been  unable  to  secure  satisfactory  re- 
sults with  the  present  molding  machines;  the  operation  of  machine 
moulding  is  very  slow,  and  the  present  types   permit   of   molding 
but  one  briquette  at  a  time,  and  are  not  practicable  with  the  pastes 
or  mortars  herein  recommended. 

55. — Method.  —  The  molds  should  be  filled  immediately  after 
the  mixing  is  completed,  the  material  pressed  in  firmly  with  the 
fingers  and  smoothed  off  with  a  trowel  without  mechanical  ramming; 
the  material  should  be  heaped  up  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  mold, 
and,  in  smoothing  off,  the  trowel  should  be  drawn  over  the  mold 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  exert  a  moderate  pressure  on  the  excess 
material.  The  mold  should  be  turned  over  and  the  operation 
repeated. 

56.  —  A  check  upon  the  uniformity  of   the  mixing  and  molding 
is  afforded  by  weighing  the  briquettes  just  prior  to  immersion,  or 
upon  removal  from   the  moist   closet.     Briquettes  which   vary  in 
weight  more  than  3  per  cent  from  the  average  should  not  be  tested. 

STORAGE  or  THE  TEST  PIECES. 

57.  —  During  the  first  24  hours  after  molding,   the  test  pieces 
should  be  kept  in  moist  air  to  prevent  them  from  drying  out. 

58.  —  A  moist  closet  or  chamber  is  so  easily  devised  that  the  use 
of  the  damp  cloth  should  be  abandoned.     Covering  the  test  pieces 
with  a  damp  cloth  is  objectionable,  as  commonly  used,  because  the 
cloth  may  dry  out  unequally,  and,  in  consequence,  the  test  pieces  are 
not  all  maintained  under  the  same  condition.     Where  a  moist  closet 


APPENDIX 


127 


is  not  available,  a  cloth  may  be  used  and  kept  uniformly  wet  by 
immersing  the  ends  in  water.  It  should  be  kept  from  direct  contact 
with  the  test  pieces  by  means  of  a  wire  screen  or  some  similar 
arrangement. 

59.  —  A  moist  closet  consists  of  a  soapstone  or  slate  box,  or  a 
metal-lined  wooden  box  —  the  metal  lining  being  covered  with  felt 
and  this  felt  kept  wet.     The  bottom  of  the  box  is  so  constructed  as 
to  hold  water,  and  the  sides  are  provided  with  cleats  for  holding 
glass  shelves  on  which  to  place  the  briquettes.     Care  should  be 
taken  to  keep  the  air  in  the  closet  uniformly  moist. 

60.  —  After    24  hours   in   moist   air,    the   test   pieces   for   longer 
periods  of  time  should  be  immersed  in  water  maintained  as  near 
21°  Cent.  (70°  Fahr.)  as  practicable;   they  may  be  stored  in  tanks  or 
pans,  which  should  be  of  non-corrodible  material. 

TENSILE  STRENGTH. 

61. — The  tests  may  be  made  on  any  machine.  A  solid  metal 
clip,  as  shown  in  Fig.  5,  is  recommended.  This  clip  is  to  be  used 
without  cushioning  at  the  points  of  contact  with 
the  test  specimen.  The  bearing  at  each  point  of 
contact  should  be  |  in.  wide  and  the  distance 
between  the  center  of  contact  on  the  same  clip 
should  be  i^  in. 

62.  —  Test  pieces  should  be  broken  as  soon  as 
they  are  removed  from  the  water.  Care  should 
be  observed  in  centering  the  briquettes  in  the 
testing  machine,  as  cross-strains,  produced  by 
improper  centering,  tend  to  lower  the  breaking 
strength.  The  load  should  not  be  applied  too 
suddenly,  as  it  may  produce  vibration,  the  shock 
from  which  often  breaks  the  briquettes  before 
the  ultimate  strength  is  reached.  Care  must 
be  taken  that  the  clips  and  the  sides  of  the 
briquette  be  clean  and  free  from  grains  of  sand 
or  dirt,  which  would  prevent  a  good  bearing.  The  load  should  be 
applied  at  the  rate  of  600  Ib.  per  min.  The  average  of  the  bri- 
quettes of  each  sample  tested  should  be  taken  as  the  test,  excluding 
any  results  which  are  manifestly  faulty. 


3 


FORM  OF  CLIR 

FIG.  5. 


128  APPENDIX 


CONSTANCY  OF  VOLUME. 

63.  —  Significance.  —  The   object   is    to    develop    those    qualities 
which  tend  to  destroy  the  strength  and  durability  of  a  cement.     As 
it  is  highly  essential  to  determine  such  qualities  at  once,  tests  of  this 
character  are  for  the  most  part  made  in  a  very  short  time,  and  are 
known,  therefore,  as  accelerated  tests.     Failure  is  revealed  by  crack- 
ing, checking,  swelling,  or  disintegration,  or  all  of  these  phenomena. 
A  cement  which  remains  perfectly  sound  is  said  to  be  of  constant 
volume. 

64.  —  Methods.  —  Tests  for  constancy  of  volume  are  divided  into 
two  classes:    (i)  normal  tests,  or  those  made  in  either  air  or  water 
maintained  at  about  21°  Cent.  (70°  Fahr.),  and  (2)  accelerated  tests, 
or  those  made  in  air,  steam,  or  water  at  a  temperature  of  45°  Cent. 
(113°  Fahr.)   and  upward.     The  test  pieces  should  be  allowed  to 
remain  24  hours  in  moist  air  before  immersion  in  water  or  steam, 
or  preservation  in  air. 

65.  —  For  these  tests,  pats,  about  7^  cm.  (2.95  in.)  in  diameter, 
i£  cm.  (0.49  in.)  thick  at  the  center,  and  tapering  to  a  thin  edge, 
should  be  made,  upon  a  clean  glass  plate  [about  10  cm.  (3.94  in.) 
square],  from  cement  paste  of  normal  consistency. 

66.  —  Normal  Test.  —  A  pat  is  immersed  in  water  maintained  as 
near  21°  Cent.  (70°  Fahr.)  as  possible  for  28  days,  and  observed  at 
intervals.     A  similar  pat,  after  24  hours  in  moist  air,  is  maintained 
in  air  at  ordinary  temperature  and  observed  at  intervals. 

67. — Accelerated  Tests. — A  pat  is  placed  in  an  atmosphere  of 
steam  upon  a  wire  screen  i  in.  above  boiling  water  for  five  (5)  hours. 
The  apparatus  should  be  so  constructed  as  to  permit  the  free  escape 
of  steam  and  maintain  atmospheric  pressure.  Since  the  type  of 
apparatus  used  has  a  great  influence  on  the  uniformity  of  the  results, 
that  shown  in  Fig.  8  is  recommended. 

68.  —  To  pass  these  tests  satisfactorily,  the  pats  should  remain  firm 
and  hard,  and  show  no  signs  of  cracking,  distortion  or  disintegration. 

69.  —  Should  the  pat  leave  the  plate,  distortion  may  be  detected 
best  with  a  straight-edge  applied  to  the  surface  which  was  in  contact 
with  the  plate. 

70.  —  In  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  it  cannot  be  said 
that  cement  should  necessarily  be  condemmed  simply  for  failure  to 


APPENDIX 


129 


330  APPENDIX 

pass  the  accelerated  tests;   nor  can  a  cement  be  considered  entirely 
satisfactory  simply  because  it  has  passed  these  tests. 
Submitted  on  behalf  of  the  Committee, 

GEORGE  S.  WEBSTER, 

Chairman. 

RICHARD  L.  HUMPHREY, 
Secretary. 
JANUARY  iSxn,  1911. 

Committee. 

GEORGE  S.  WEBSTER, 
RICHARD  L.  HUMPHREY, 
GEORGE  F.  SWAIN, 
ALFRED  NOBLE, 
Louis  C.  SABIN, 
S.  B.  NEWBERRY, 
CLIFFORD  RICHARDSON, 
W.  B.  W.  HOWE, 
F.  H.  LEWIS. 


NEW  YORK  SECTION  SOCIETY  FOR  CHEMICAL  INDUSTRY 

Method  Suggested  for  the  Analysis  of  Limestones,  Raw  Mixtures  and 
Portland  Cements  by  the  Committee  on  Uniformity  in  Techni- 
cal Analysis  with  the  Advice  of  W.  F.  Hillebrand. 

SOLUTION. 

One-half  gram  of  the  finely-powdered  substance  is  to  be  weighed 
out  and,  if  a  limestone  or  unburned  mixture,  strongly  ignited  in  a 
covered  platinum  crucible  over  a  strong  blast  for  fifteen  minutes,  or 
longer  if  the  blast  is  not  powerful  enough  to  effect  complete  conver- 
sion to  a  cement  in  this  time.  It  is  then  transferred  to  an  evaporating 
dish,  preferably  a  platinum  for  the  sake  of  celerity  in  evapora- 
tion, moistened  with  enough  water  to  prevent  lumping,  and  5  to 
10  c.c.  of  strong  HC1  added  and  digested  with  the  aid  of  gentle  heat 
and  agitation  until  solution  is  complete.  Solution  may  be  aided  by 


APPENDIX  131 

light  pressure  with  the  flattened  end  of  a  glass  rod.*  The  solution 
is  then  evaporated  to  dryness,  as  far  as  this  may  be  possible  on  the 
bath. 

SILICA  (SiO2). 

The  residue  without  further  heating  is  treated  at  first  with  5  to 
10  c.c.  of  strong  HC1,  which  is  then  diluted  to  half  strength  or  less, 
or  upon  the  residue  may  be  poured  at  once  a  larger  volume  of  acid 
of  half  strength.  The  dish  is  then  covered  and  digestion  allowed  to 
go  on  for  10  minutes  on  the  bath,  after  which  the  solution  is  filtered 
and  the  separated  silica  washed  thoroughly  with  water.  The  filtrate 
is  again  evaporated  to  dryness,  the  residue  without  further  heating 
taken  up  with  acid  and  water  and  the  small  amount  of  silica  it  con- 
tains separated  on  another  filter  paper.  The  papers  containing  the 
residue  are  transferred  wet  to  a  weighed  platinum  crucible,  dried, 
ignited,  first  over  a  Bunsen  burner  until  the  carbon  of  the  filter  is 
completely  consumed,  and  finally  over  the  blast  for  15  minutes  and 
checked  by  a  further  blasting  for  10  minutes  or  to  constant  weight. 
The  silica,  if  great  accuracy  is  desired,  is  treated  in  the  crucible  with 
about  10  c.c.  of  HF  and  four  drops  of  H2SO4  and  evaporated  over 
a  low  flame  to  complete  dryness.  The  small  residue  is  finally  blasted, 
for  a  minute  or  two,  cooled  and  weighed.  The  difference  between 
this  weight  and  the  weight  previously  obtained  gives  the  amount 
of  silica.f 

ALUMINA  AND  IRON  (A12O3  AND  Fe2O3). 

The  filtrate,  about  250  c.c.,  from  the  second  evaporation  for 
Si02,  is  made  alkaline  with  NH4OH  after  adding  HC1,  if  need  be, 
to  insure  a  total  of  10  to  15  c.c.  strong  acid,  and  boiled  to  expel 
excess  of  NH3,  or  until  there  is  but  a  faint  odor  of  it,  and  the  pre- 
cipitated iron  and  aluminum  hydrates,  after  settling,  are  washed  once 
by  decantatkm  and  slightly  on  the  filter.  Setting  aside  the  filtrate, 

*  If  anything  remains  undecomposed  it  should  be  separated,  fused  with 
a  little  Na2CO3,  dissolved  and  added  to  the  original  solution.  Of  course  a 
small  amount  of  separated  non-gelatinous  silica  is  not  to  be  mistaken  for 
undecomposed  matter. 

t  For  ordinary  control  in  the  plant  laboratory  this  correction  may, 
perhaps,  be  neglected;  the  double  evaporation  never. 


132  APPENDIX 

the  precipitate  is  dissolved  in  hot  dilute  HC1,  the  solution  passing 
into  the  beaker  in  which  the  precipitation  was  made.  The-aluminum 
and  iron  are  then  reprecipitated  by  NH4OH,  boiled  and  the  second 
precipitate  collected  and  washed  on  the  same  filter  used  in  the  first 
instance.  The  filter  paper,  with  the  precipitate,  is  then  placed  in  a 
weighed  platinum  crucible,  the  paper  burned  off  and  the  precipitate 
ignited  and  finally  blasted  5  minutes,  with  care  to  prevent  reduction, 
cooled  and  weighed  as  A12C>3  +  Fe2C>3.* 

IRON  (Fe203). 

The  combined  iron  and  aluminum  oxides  are  fused  in  a  platinum 
crucible  at  a  very  low  temperature  with  about  3  to  4  grams  of 
KHSO4,  or,  better,  NaHSO4,  the  melt  taken  up  with  so  much  dilute 
H2SO4  that  there  shall  be  no  less  than  5  grams  absolute  acid  and 
enough  water  to  effect  solution  on  heating.  The  solution  is  then 
evaporated  and  eventually  heated  till  acid  fumes  come  off  copiously. 
After  cooling  and  redissolving  in  water  the  small  amount  of  silica  is 
filtered  out,  weighed  and  corrected  by  HF  and  H2SO4.f  The  filtrate 
is  reduced  by  zinc,  or  preferably  by  hydrogen  sulphide,  boiling  out 
the  excess  of  the  latter  afterwards  while  passing  CO2  through  the 
flask,  and  titrated  with  permanganate. J  The  strength  of  the  per- 
manganate solution  should  not  be  greater  than  .0040  grm.  Fe2Os 
per  c.c. 

LIME  (CaO). 

To  the  combined  filtrate  from  the  A12O3  -f  Fe2O3  precipitate  a 
few  drops  of  NH4OH  are  added,  and  the  solution  brought  to  boil- 
ing. To  the  boiling  solution  20  c.c.  of  a  saturated  solution  of 
ammonium  oxalate  are  added,  and  the  boiling  continued  until  the 
precipitated  CaC2O4  assumes  a  well-defined  granular  form.  It  is 
then  allowed  to  stand  for  20  minutes,  or  until  the  precipitate  has 

*  This  precipitate  contains  TiO2,  P2Os,  Mn3O4. 

t  This  correction  of  A12O3  Fe2O3  for  silica  should  not  be  made  when  the 
HF  correction  of  the  main  silica  has  been  omitted,  unless  that  silica  was 
obtained  by  only  one  evaporation  and  filtration.  After  two  evaporations 
and  nitrations  i  to  2  mg.  of  SiO2  are  still  to  be  found  with  the  A^Os  Fe2Oa. 

|  In  this  way  only  is  the  influence  of  titanium  to  be  avoided  and  a  cor- 
rect result  obtained  for  iron. 


APPENDIX  133 

settled,  and  then  filtered  and  washed.  The  precipitate  and  filter  are 
placed  wet  in  a  platinum  crucible,  and  the  paper  burned  off  over  a 
small  flame  of  a  Bunsen  burner.  It  is  then  ignited,  redissolved  in 
HC1,  and  the  solution  made  up  to  100  c.c.  with  water.  Ammonia 
is  added  in  slight  excess,  and  the  liquid  is  boiled.  If  a  small  amount 
of  A12O3  separates,  this  is  filtered  out,  weighed,  and  the  amount 
added  to  that  found  in  the  first  determination,  when  greater  accu- 
racy is  desired.  The  lime  is  then  reprecipitated  by  ammonium  oxa- 
late,  allowed  to  stand  until  settled,  filtered,  and  washed,*  weighed  as 
oxide  by  ignition  and  blasted  in  a  covered  crucible  to  constant 
weight,  or  determined  with  dilute  standard  permanganate.! 

MAGNESIA  (MgO). 

The  combined  filtrates  from  the  calcium  precipitates  are  acidi- 
fied with  HC1  and  concentrated  on  the  steam  bath  to  about  150  c.c., 
10  c.c.  of  saturated  solution  of  Na(NH4)HPO4  are  added,  and  the 
solution  boiled  for  several  minutes.  It  is  then  removed  from  the 
flame  and  cooled  by  placing  the  beaker  in  ice  water.  After  cooling, 
NH4OH  is  added  drop  by  drop  with  constant  stirring  until  the  crys- 
talline ammonium-magnesium  ortho-phosphate  begins  to  form,  and 
then  in  moderate  excess,  the  stirring  being  continued  for  several 
minutes.  It  is  then  set  aside  for  several  hours  in  a  cool  atmosphere 
and  filtered.  The  precipitate  is  redissolved  in  hot  dilute  HC1,  the 
solution  made  up  to  about  100  c.c.,  i  c.c.  of  a  saturated  solution  of 
Na(NH4)HP04  added,  and  ammonia  drop  by  drop,  with  constant 
stirring,  until  the  precipitate  is  again  formed  as  described  and  the 
ammonia  is  in  moderate  excess.  It  is  then  allowed  to  stand  for 
about  2  hours,  when  it  is  filtered  on  a  paper  or  a  Gooch  crucible, 
ignited,  cooled  and  weighed  as  Mg2P2O7. 

ALKALIES  (K2O  AND  Na20). 

For  the  determination  of  the  alkalies,  the  well-known  method 
of  Prof.  J.  Lawrence  Smith  is  to  be  followed,  either  with  or  without 
the  addition  of  CaCO3  with  NI^Cl. 

*  The  volume  of  wash- water  should  not  be  too  large;  vide  Hillebrand. 
t  The  accuracy  of  this  method  admits  of  criticism,  but  its  convenience 
and  rapidity  demand  its  insertion. 


134  APPENDIX 

ANHYDROUS  SULPHURIC  ACID  (S03). 

One  gram  of  the  substance  is  dissolved  in  15  c.c.  of  HC1,  filtered 
and  residue  washed  thoroughly.* 

The  solution  is  made  up,  to  250  c.c.  in  a  beaker  and  boiled.  To 
the  boiling  solution  10  c.c.  of  a  saturated  solution  of  BaQ2  is  added 
slowly  drop  by  drop  from  a  pipette  and  the  boiling  continued  until 
the  precipitate  is  well  formed,  or  digestion  on  the  steam  bath  may 
be  substituted  for  the  boiling.  It  is  then  set  aside  over  night,  or  for 
a  few  hours,  filtered,  ignited  and  weighed  as  BaS04. 

TOTAL  SULPHUR. 

One  gram  of  the  material  is  weighed  out  in  a  large  platinum  cru- 
cible and  fused  with  Na2C03  and  a  little  KNO3,  being  careful  to 
avoid  contamination  from  sulphur  in  the  gases  from  source  of  heat. 
This  may  be  done  by  fitting  the  crucible  in  a  hole  in  an  asbestos 
board.  The  melt  is  treated  in  the  crucible  with  boiling  water  and 
the  liquid  poured  into  a  tall  narrow  beaker  and  more  hot  water 
added  until  the  mass  is  disintegrated.  The  solution  is  then  filtered. 
The  filtrate  contained  in  a  No.  4  beaker  is  to  be  acidulated  with 
HC1  and  made  up  to  250  c.c.  with  distilled  water,  boiled,  the  sul- 
phur precipitated  as  BaSO4  and  allowed  to  stand  over  night  or  for 
a  few  hours. 

Loss  ON  IGNITION. 

Half  a  gram  of  cement  is  to  be  weighed  out  in  a  platinum  cru- 
cible, placed  in  a  hole  in  an  asbestos  board  so  that  about  |  of  the 
crucible  projects  below,  and  blasted  15  minutes,  preferably  with  an 
inclined  flame.  The  loss  by  weight,  which  is  checked  by  a  second 
blasting  of  5  minutes,  is  the  loss  on  ignition. 

May,  1903:  Recent  investigations  have  shown  that  large  errors 
in  results  are  often  due  to  the  use  of  impure  distilled  water  and 
reagents.  The  analyst  should,  therefore,  test  his  distilled  water  by 
evaporation  and  his  reagents  by  appropriate  tests  before  proceeding 
with  his  work. 

*  Evaporation  to  dryness  is  unnecessary,  unless  gelatinous  silica  should 
have  separated,  and  should  never  be  performed  on  a  bath  heated  by  gas; 
vide  Hillebrand. 


INDEX. 


Aging,  33. 
Alkalies,  4. 

determination  of,  97. 
Alkali  waste,  5. 
Alumina,  3. 

determination  of,  91. 
Analyses  of  cements,  typical,  5. 

chemical,  80. 
Appendix,  in. 


Beam  molds,  43,  78. 
Beams,  breaking  of,  44. 
Boiling  test  apparatus,  75. 
Briquette  molds,  34,  78. 
Briquettes,  breaking  of,  37. 

mortar,  36. 
Burette,  78. 

Lesley,  78. 


Carbonic  acid,  4. 

Carbon  dioxide,  direct  method  for 
determination  of,  103. 

indirect  method  for  determination 

of,  101. 
Cement,  chemical  analysis  of,  84. 

classification  of,  i. 

definition  of,  i. 

rock,  5. 

specific  gravity  of,  14. 

typical  analyses  of,  5. 
Chalk,  6. 
Chemical  analysis,  80. 

factors  influencing,  82. 

sample  for,  83. 


Classification  of -cements,  i. 
•Clay,  5. 

analysis  of,  107. 
Clips,  70. 

Composition  of  cement,  i,  33. 
Compression  tool,  70. 
Compressive  strength,  41. 

determination  of,  42. 

report  blanks,  46,  47. 
Constancy  of  volume,  28. 

determination  of,  29. 

report  blank,  32. 
Constant  level  apparatus,  75. 
Cube  molds,  42,  78. 
Cubes,  breaking  of,  43. 

D 

Definition  of  cement,  i. 


Effective  size  of  sand,  52. 


Fairbanks  machine,  63. 

operation  of,  64. 
Falkenau-Sinclair  machine,  64. 

operation  of,  66. 
Fineness,  9,  34. 

determination  of,  n. 

importance  of,  9. 

report  blank,  13. 


Inspection,  7. 

Iron    and   Alumina,    determination 

of,  87. 


135 


i36 


INDEX 


Iron,  determination  of,  88. 

reduction  of,  by  H^S,  91. 

reduction  of,  by  zinc,  89,  90. 
Iron  oxide,  3. 

J 

Jones  reductor,  90. 


Laboratory  equipment,  63. 
Le  Chatelier  flask,  15. 
Lesley  burette,  78. 

storage  tank,  77. 
Lime,  3. 

determination  of,  92. 
Limestone,  6. 

analysis  of,  106. 

Loam  in  sand,  determination  of,  49. 
Loss  on  ignition,  determination  of, 
84. 

M 

Machines,  for  compression  tests,  72. 

for  tension  tests,  63. 
Magnesia,  4. 

determination  of,  93. 
Manufacture  of  cement,  5. 
Marl,  5. 

analysis  of,  107. 
Mechanical  analysis,  of  sand,  50. 

of  stone,  54. 
Mixed  cement,  2. 
Mixing,  21. 

Modulus  of  rupture,  calculation  of, 
44- 

determination  of,  43. 

report  blank,  48. 
Moist  closet,  76. 
Moisture,  determination  of,  96. 
Molds,  beam,  43,  78. 

briquette,  34,  78. 

cube,  42,  78. 
Mortar  briquettes,  36. 


N 

Natural  cement,  i,  4. 
Normal  consistency,  20. 

determination  of,  22. 

report  blank,  26. 

O 

Olsen  briquette  machine,  63,  64. 

operation  of,  66. 

Olsen    hydraulic    compression    ma- 
chine, 72. 


Pats,  preparation  of,  29. 
Portland  cement,  i. 
Potash,  determination  of,  99. 
Pozzuolana  cement,  2,  4. 

R 

Raw  material,  5. 
Riehle  machine,  63,  64. 
operation  of,  66. 


Sampling,  7,  83. 

auger,  8. 
Sand,  49. 

determination  of  loam  in,  49. 

mechanical  analysis  of,  50. 
report  blank,  60. 

percentage  of  loam  report  blank, 

59- 

sifter,  74. 
specific  gravity  of,   report  blank, 

61. 

standard,  49. 
weight  per  cubic  foot  of,  report 

blank,  61. 
Scales,  n,  75. 
Set,  time  of,  23. 
Shot  machines,  63. 
Sieves,  10. 


INDEX 


137 


Sifter,  sand,  74. 
Silica,  3. 

determination  of,  85. 
Slag,  analysis  of,  107. 
Soda,  determination  of,  100. 
Specific  gravity  of  cement,  14. 

determination  of,  16. 

report  blank,  19. 

significance  of,  14. 
Standard  specifications,  in. 
Stone,  54. 

mechanical  analysis  of,  54. 

specific  gravity  of,  55. 
report  blank,  61. 

weight  per  cubic  foot  of,  report 

'  blank,  62. 
Storage,  7. 

tanks,  76. 

Lesley,  77. 
Sulphur,  4. 

as  sulphide,  96. 

determination  of,  94. 
Sulphuric  acid,  4. 

determination  of,  93. 
Sulphur  trioxide,  4. 


Table,  77. 

Tensile  strength,  33. 

determination  of,  mortar,  36. 

determination  of,  neat  cement,  34. 


Tensile  strength,  factors  affecting. 
33- 

report  blanks,  39,  40. 
Testing  machines,  63. 
Tests,  accelerated,  29. 

normal,  28. 

transverse,  43. 
Time  of  set,  23. 

determination  of,  24. 

factors  affecting,  24. 

report  blank,  27. 

significance  of,  23. 
Tool,  compression,  70. 
Transverse  test  attachment,  70. 

U 

Uniformity  coefficient,  52. 
Universal  testing  machine,  72. 
Unsoundness,  causes  of,  28. 


Vicat  apparatus,  20. 
Voids  in  sand,  52. 

determination  of,  52. 
Voids  in  stone,  55. 

determination  of,  56,  57. 

W 

Weight  per  cubic  foot  of  sand,  54. 

of  stone,  56. 
Work  table,  77. 


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Coal  Mines.     (Science  Series  No.  13.) i6mo,  o  50 

Atkinson,  P.     The  Elements  of  Electric  Lighting i2mo,  i  50 

The  Elements  of  Dynamic  Electricity  and  Magnetism.  i2mo,  2  oo 

Power  Transmitted  by  Electricity i2mo,  2  oo 

Auchincloss,  W.  S.     LmK  and  Valve  Motions  Simplified 8vo,  *i  50 

Ayrton,  H.     The  Electric  Arc 8vo,  *s  oo 

Bacon,  F.  W.     Treatise  on  the  Richards  Steam-Engine  Indica- 
tor  i2mo,  i  oo 

Bailes,  G.  M.  Modern  Mining  Practice.  Five  Volumes. 8 vo,  each,  3  50 

Bailey,  R.  D.     The  Brewers'  Analyst 8vo,  *5  oo 

Baker,  A.  L.     Quaternions i2mo,  *i  25 

Thick-Lens  Optics (In  Press.) 

Baker,  Benj.     Pressure  of  Earthwork.     (Science  Series  No.  56.) 

i6mo, 

Baker,  I.  O      Levelling.     (Science  Series  No.  91.) i6mo,  o  50 

Baker,  J.  B.     Magneto  and  Sparking  Coil (In  Press.) 

Baker,  M.  N.    Potable  Water.     (Science  Series  No.  61) .  i6mo,  o  50 

Sewerage  and  Sewage  Purification.     (Science  Series  No.  18.) 

i6mo,  o  50 
Baker,    T.    T.       Telegraphic    Transmission    of    Photographs. 

i2mo,  *i  25 

Bale,  G.  R.    Modern  Iron    Foundry  Practice.    Two  Volumes. 

i2mo. 

Vol.    I.  Foundry  Equipment,  Material  Used *2  50 

Vol.  II.  Machine  Moulding  and  Moulding  Machines *i  50 

Bale,  M.  P.     Pumps  and  Pumping i2mo,  i  50 

Ball,  J.  W.     Concrete  Structures  in  Railways 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Ball,  R.  S.     Popular  Guide  to  the  Heavens 8vo,  *4  50 

Natural  Sources  of  Power.     (Westminster  Series) .....  8vo,  *2  oo 

Ball,  W.  V.     Law  Affecting  Engineers 8vo,  *3  50 

Bankson,  Lloyd.     Slide  Valve  Diagrams.     (Science  Series  No. 

108.) i6mo,  o  50 

Barba,  J.     Use  of  Steel  for  Constructive  Purposes i2mo,  i  oo 

Barham,  G.  B.    Development  of  the  Incandescent  Electric 

Lamp (In  Press.) 

Barker,  A.     Textiles  and    Their    Manufacture.     (Westminster 

Series) 8vo,  2  oo 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG     5 

Barker,  A.  H.     Grapic  Methods  of  Engine  Design i2mo,  *i  50 

Barnard,  F.  A.  P.     Report  on  Machinery  and  Processes  of  the 
Industrial  Arts  and  Apparatus  of  the  Exact  Sciences  at 

the  Paris  Universal  Exposition,   1867 8vo,  5  oo 

Barnard,  J.  H.     The  Naval  Miliatiaman's  Guide.  .i6mo,  leather,  i  25 
Barnard,  Major  J.  G.     Rotary  Motion.     (Science  Series  No.  90.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Barrus,  G.  H.     Boiler  Tests 8vo,  *3  oo 

Engine  Tests 8vo,  *4  oo 

The  above  two  purchased  together *6  oo 

Barwise,  S.     The  Purification  of  Sewage izmo,  3  50 

Baterden,  J.  R.     Timber.     (Westmenster  Series) .8vo,  *2  oo 

Bates,  E.  L.,  and  Charlesworth,  F.     Practical  Mathematics  and 

Geometry  for  Technical  Students i2mo, 

Part   I.    Preliminary  and  Elementary  Course *i  50 

Part  n.    Advanced  Course *i  50 

Beadle,  C.  Chapters  on  Papermaking.  Five  Volumes. i2mo,  each,  *2  oo 

Beaumont,  R.     Color  in  Woven  Design 8vo,  *6  oo 

Finishing  of  Textile  Fabrics 8vo,  *4  oo 

Beaumont,  W.  W.     The  Steam-Engine  Indicator 8vo,  2  50 

Bechhold.     Colloids  in  Biology  and  Medicine.     Trans,  by  J.  G. 

Bullowa (In  Press.) 

Bedell,  F.,  and  Pierce,  C.  A.     Direct  and  Alternating  Current 

Manual 8vo,  *2  oo 

Beech,  F.     Dyeing  of  Cotton  Fabrics 8vo,  *3  oo 

Dyeing  of  Woolen  Fabrics 8vo,  *3  50 

Beckwith,  A.     Pottery 8vo,  paper,  o  60 

Beggs,  G.  E.     Stresses  in  Railway  Girders  and  Bridges ....  (In  Press.) 

Begtrup,  J.     The  Slide  Valve 8vo,  *2  oo 

Bender,  C.  E.     Continuous  Bridges.     (Science  Series  No.  26.) 

i6mo,  o  50 
—  Proportions  of  Piers  used  in  Bridges.     (Science  Series  No.  4.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Bennett,  H.G.      The  Manufacture  of  Leather 8vo,  *4  50 

—  Leather  Trades.  (Outlines  of  Industrial  Chemistry.  8vo  (In  Press.) 
Bernthsen,  A.     A  Text-book  of  Organic  Chemistry.     Trans,  by 

G.  M'Gowan i2mo,  *2  50 

Berry,  W.  J.     Differential  Equations  of  the  First  Species. 

i2mo  (In  Preparation.) 


6 


Bersch,  J.     Manufacture  of  Mineral  and  Lake  Pigments.     Trans. 

by  A.  C.  Wright 8vo,     *5  oo 

Bertin,  L.  E.     Marine  Boilers.     Trans,  by  L.  S.  Robertson . .  8 vo,       5  oo 

Beveridge,  J.     Papermaker's  Pocket  Book i2mo,     *4  oo 

Binns,  C.  F.      Ceramic  Technology 8vo,     *5  oo 

Manual  of  Practical  Potting 8vo,     *7  50 

—  The  Potter's  Craft i2mo,     *2  oo 

Birchmore,  W.  H.    Interpretation  of  Gas  Analysis i2mo,     *i  25 

Elaine,  R.  G.     The  Calculus  and  Its  Applications i2mo,     *i  50 

Blake,  W.  H.     Brewers'  Vade  Mecum 8vo,     *4  oo 

Blake,  W.  P.     Report  upon  the  Precious  Metals 8vo,       2  oo 

Bligh,  W.  G.     The  Practical  Design  of  Irrigation  Works 8vo,     *6  oo 

Blucher,  H.    Modern  Industrial  Chemistry.    Trans,  by  J.  P. 

Millington 8vo, 

Blyth,  A.  W.     Foods:  Their  Composition  and  Analysis 8vo, 

Poisons:  Their  Effects  and  Detection 8vo, 

Bockmann,  F.     Celluloid i2mo, 

Bodmer,  G.  R.     Hydraulic  Motors  and  Turbines i2mo, 

Boileau,  J.  T.     Traverse  Tables 8vo, 

Bonney,  G.  E.     The  Electro-platers'  Handbook i2mo, 

Booth,  W.  H.     Water  Softening  and  Treatment 8vo,     *2  50 

Superheaters  and  Superheating  and  their  Control.  .  .  .8vo,     *i  50 

Bottcher,  A.     Cranes:  Their  Construction,  Mechanical  Equip- 
ment and  Working.     Trans,  by  A.  Tolhausen. . .  -4to,  *io  oo 
Bottler,  M.  Modern  Bleaching  Agents.  Trans,  by  C.  Salter.i2mo,     *2  50 

Bottone,  S.  R.      Magnetos  for  Automobilists i2mo,     *i  oo 

Boulton,  S.  B.     Preservation  of  Timber.     (Science  Series  No. 

82.) i6mo,       o  50 

Bourgougnon,  A.     Physical  Problems.     (Science  Series  No.  113.) 

i6mo,       o  50 
Bourry,  E.      Treatise   on  Ceramic    Industries.       Trans,   by 

W.  P.  Rix 8vo,     *5  oo 

Bow,  R.  H.     A  Treatise  on  Bracing 8vo,       i  50 

Bowie,  A.  J.,  Jr.  A  Practical  Treatise  on  Hydraulic  Mining . 8vo,  5  oo 
Bowker,  W.  R.  Dynamo  Motor  and  Switchboard  Circuits . .  8vo,  *2  50 
Bowles,  0.  Tables  of  Common  Rocks.  (Science  Series)  .i6mo,  050 
Bowser,  E.  A.  Elementary  Treatise  on  Analytic  Geometry.  i2mo,  i  75 

Elementary    Treatise    on    the    Differential    and    Integral 

Calculus..  i2mo,       2  25 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG   7 

Bowser,  E.  A.     Elementary  Treatise  on  Analytic  Mechanics 

i2mo,  3  oo 

—  Elementary  Treatise  on  Hydro-mechanics I2mo,  2  50 

—  A  Treatise  on  Roofs  and  Bridges I2mo,  *2  25 

Boycott,  G.  W.  M.     Compressed  Air  Work  and  Diving 8vo,  *4  oo 

Bragg,  E.  M.     Marine  Engine  Design 1 2mo,  *2  oo 

Brainard,  F.  R.     The  Sextant.     (Science  Series  No.  ioi.).i6mo, 

Brassey's  Naval  Annual  for  1911 8vo,  *6  oo 

Brew,  W.     Three-Phase  Transmission 8vo,  *2  oo 

Brewer,  R.  W.  A.     Motor  Car  Construction i2mo,  *2  oo 

Briggs,  R.,  and  Wolff,  A.  R.     Steam-Heating.     (Science  Series 

No.  67.) i6mo,  o  50 

Bright,  C.     The  Life  Story  of  Sir  Charles  Tilson  Bright 8vo,  *4  50 

Brislee,  T.  J.    Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Fuel.    (Outlines  of 

Industrial  Chemistry.). 8vo,  *3  oo 

British  Standard  Sections 8x15  *i  oo 

Complete  list  of  this  series  (45  parts)  sent  on  application. 
Broadfoot,  S.  K.     Motors  Secondary  Batteries.     (Installation 

Manuals  Series.) i2mo,  *o  75 

Broughton,  H.  H.    Electric  Cranes  and  Hoists *9  oo 

Brown,  G.     Healthy  Foundations.     (Science  Series  No.  80.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Brown,  H.     Irrigation 8vo,  *5  oo 

Brown,  Wm.  N.     The  Art  of  Enamelling  on  Metal i2mo,  *i  oo 

—  Handbook  on  Japanning  and  Enamelling I2mo,  *i  50 

House  Decorating  and  Painting i2mo,  *i  50 

—  History  of  Decorative  Art i2mo,  *i  25 

Dipping,    Burnishing,    Lacquering    and    Bronzing    Brass 

Ware i2mo,  *i  oo 

Workshop  Wrinkles 8vo,  *i  oo 

Browne,  R.  E.  Water  Meters.  (Science  Series  No.  81.).  i6mo,  o  50 

Bruce,  E.  M.  Pure  Food  Tests I2mo,  *i  25 

Bruhns,  Dr.  New  Manual  of  Logarithms 8yo,  half  mor.,  2  oo 

Brunner,  R.  Manufacture  of  Lubricants,  Shoe  Polishes  and 

Leather  Dressings.  Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *3  oo 

Buel,  R.  H.  Safety  Valves.  (Science  Series  No.  21.) i6mo,  o  50 

Bulmann,  H.  F.,  and  Redmayne,  R.  S.  A.  Colliery  Working  and 

Management 8vo,  6  oo 

Burgh,  N.  P.  Modern  Marine  Engineering 410,  half  mor.,  10  oo 


8      D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Burstall,  F.  W.    Energy  Diagram  for  Gas.    With  text.  .8vo,      *i 

Diagram  sold  separately *i 

Burt,  W.  A.     Key  to  the  Solar  Compass i6mo,  leather,       2 

Burton,   F.   G.      Engineering    Estimates    and  Cost  Accounts. 

I2mo,     *i 

Buskett,  E.  W.     Fire  Assaying i2mo,     *i 

Byers,   H.  G.,   and   Knight,   H.    G.     Notes   on   Qualitative 

Analysis 8vo,     *i 

Cain,  W.     Brief  Course  in  the  Calculus i2mo,     *i 

Elastic  Arches.     (Science  Series  No.  48.) i6mo,       o 

Maximum  Stresses.     (Science  Series  No.  38.) i6mo,       o 

Practical  Designing  Retaining  of  Walls.     (Science  Series 

No.  3.) i6mo,       o 

Theory  of  Steel-concrete  Arches  and  of  Vaulted  Structures. 

(Science  Series) i6mo,       o 

Theory  of  Voussoir  Arches.    (Science  Series  No.  12.) .  i6mo,      o 

Symbolic  Algebra.     (Science  Series  No.  73.) i6mo,      o 

Campin,  F.     The  Construction  of  Iron  Roofs 8vo,       2 

Carpenter,    F.    D.     Geographical    Surveying.     (Science    Series 

No.  37.) i6mo, 

Carpenter,   R.   C.,  and    Diederichs,   H.      Internal -Combustion 

Engines 8vo,     *5 

Carter,  E.  T.     Motive  Power  and  Gearing  for  Electrical  Machin- 
ery   ..8vo,     *s  i 

Carter,  H.  A.     Ramie  (Rhea),  China  Grass i2mo,     *2 

Carter,  H.  R.     Modern  Flax,  Hemp,  and  Jute  Spinning 8vo,     *3  i 

Cathcart,  W.  L.     Machine  Design.     Part  I.  Fastenings 8vo,     *3  i 

Cathcart,  W.  L.,  and  Chaffee,  J.  I.     Elements  of  Graphic  Statics 

and  General  Graphic  Methods 8vo,     *3 

Short  Course  in  Graphic  Statics i2mo,    *i 

Caven,  R.  M.,  and  Lander,  G.  D.     Systematic  Inorganic  Chemis- 
try   I2mo, 

Chalkley,  A.  P.    Diesel  Engines 8vo, 

Chambers'  Mathematical  Tables 8vo, 

Charnock,  G.  F.     Workshop  Practice.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo  (In  Press.} 

Charpentier,  P.     Timber 8vo,     *6  oo 

Chatley,  H.     Principles  and  Designs  of  Aeroplanes.     (Science 

Series.) i6mo,       o  50 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG     9 

Chatley,  H.     How  to  Use  Water  Power i2mo,  *i  oo 

Child,  C.  D.    Electric  Arc 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Child,  C.  T.     The  How  and  Why  of  Electricity i2mo,  i  oo 

Christie,  W.  W.      Boiler- waters,  Scale,  Corrosion,    Foaming 

8vo,  *3  oo 

Chimney  Design  and  Theory 8vo,  *3  oo 

Furnace  Draft.     (Science  Series) i6mo,  o  50 

Water,  Its  Purification  for  Use  in  the  Industries.  .8vo  (In  Press.) 

Church's  Laboratory  Guide.     Rewritten  by  Edward  Kinch.  .8vo,  *2  50 

Clapperton,  G.     Practical  Papermaking 8vo,  2  50 

Clark,  A.  G.     Motor  Car  Engineering. 

Vol.    I.  Construction 8vo,  *3  oo 

Vol.  II.     Design (In  Press.) 

Clark,  C.  H.    Marine  Gas  Engines i2mo,  *i  50 

Clark,  D.  K.     Rules,  Tables  and  Data  for  Mechanical  Engineers 

8vo,  5  oo 

Fuel:  Its  Combustion  and  Economy 12010,  i  50 

The  Mechanical  Engineer's  Pocketbook i6mo,  2  oo 

Tramways:  Their  Construction  and  Working 8vo,  5  oo 

Clark,  J.  M.     New  System  of  Laying  Out  Railway  Turnouts.. 

i2mo,  i  oo 
Clausen-Thue,  W.     ABC  Telegraphic  Code.     Fourth  Edition 

i2mo,  *5  oo 

Fifth  Edition 8vo,  *7  oo 

The  Ai  Telegraphic  Code : 8vo,  *7  50 

Cleemann,  T.  M.     The  Railroad  Engineer's  Practice i2mo,  *i  50 

Clerk,  D.,  and  Idell,  F.  E.     Theory  of  the  Gas  Engine.     (Science 

Series  No.  62.) i6mo,  o  50 

Clevenger,  S.  R.     Treatise  on  the  Method  of  Government  Sur- 
veying   i6mo,  mor.,  2  50 

Clouth,  F.     Rubber,  Gutta-Percha,  and  Balata 8vo,  *5  oo 

Cochrane,  J.     Treatise  on  Cement  Specifications 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Coffin,  J.  H.  C.     Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy i2mo,  *3  50 

Colburn,  Z.,  and  Thurston,  R.  H.     Steam  Boiler  Explosions. 

(Science  Series  No.  2.) i6mo,  o  50 

Cole,  R.  S.     Treatise  on  Photographic  Optics i2mo,  i  50 

Coles-Finch,  W.     Water,  Its  Origin  and  Use 8vo,  *s  oo 

Collins,  J.  E.     Useful  Alloys  and  Memoranda  for  Goldsmiths, 

Jewelers i6mo,  o  50 


10  D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Constantino,  E.     Marine  Engineers,  Their    Qualifications    and 

Duties 8vo,  *2  oo 

Coombs,  H.  A.     Gear  Teeth.     (Science  Series  No.  120). . .  i6mo,  o  50 

Cooper,  W.  R.     Primary  Batteries 8vo,  *4  oo 

"  The  Electrician  "  Primers 8vo,  *5  oo 

Part  I *i  50 

Part  II *2  50 

Part  III *2  oo 

Copperthwaite,  W.  C.     Tunnel  Shields 4to,  *p  oo 

Corey,  H.  T.     Water  Supply  Engineering. 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Corfield,  W.  H.  Dwelling  Houses.  (Science  Series  No.  50.)  i6mo,  o  50 

-  Water  and  Water-Supply.     (Science  Series  No.  17.). .  i6mo,  o  50 

Cornwall,  H.  B.     Manual  of  Blow-pipe  Analysis 8vo,  *2  50 

Courtney,  C.  F.     Masonry  Dams 8vo,  3  50 

Cowell,  W.  B.     Pure  Air,  Ozone,  and  Water I2mo,  *2  oo 

Craig,  T.     Motion  of  a  Solid  in  a  Fuel.     (Science  Series  No.  49.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Wave  and  Vortex  Motion.     (Science  Series  No.  43.) .  i6mo,  o  50 

Cramp,  W.     Continuous  Current  Machine  Design 8vo,  *2  50 

Crocker,  F.  B.     Electric  Lighting.     Two  Volumes.     8vo. 

Vol.   I.     The  Generating  Plant 3  oo 

Vol.  II.     Distributing  Systems  and  Lamps 3  oo 

Crocker,  F.  B.,  and  Arendt,  M.     Electric  Motors 8vo,  *2  50 

Crocker,  F.  B.,  and  Wheeler,  S.  S.     The  Management  of  Electri- 
cal Machinery I2mo,  *i  oo 

Cross,  C.  F.,  Bevan,  E.  J.,  and  Sindall,  R.  W.     Wood  Pulp  and 

Its  Applications.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Crosskey,  L.  R.     Elementary  Prospective 8vo,  i  oo 

Crosskey,  L.  R.,  and  Thaw,  J.     Advanced  Perspective 8vo,  i  50 

Culley,  J.  L.     Theory  of  Arches.     (Science  Series  No.  87.)i6mo,  o  50 

Davenport,  C.     The  Book.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Da  vies,  D.  C.     Metalliferous  Minerals  and  Mining 8vo,  5  oo 

Earthy  Minerals  and  Mining 8vo,  5  oo 

Da  vies,  E.  H.     Machinery  for  Metalliferous  Mines 8vo,  8  oo 

Da  vies,  F.  H.      Electric  Power  and  Traction 8vo,  *2  oo 

Dawson,  P.     Electric  Traction  on  Railways 8vo,  *p  oo 

Day,  C.     The  Indicator  and  Its  Diagrams I2mo,  *2  oo 

Deerr,  N.     Sugar  and  the  Sugar  Cane 8vo,  *8  oc 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG    11 

Deite,  C.     Manual  of  Soapmaking.     Trans,  by  S.  T.  King ..  4to,  *5  oo 
De  la  Coux,  H.     The  Industrial  Uses  of  Water.     Trans,  by  A. 

Morris 8vo,  *4  50 

Del  Mar,  W.  A.     Electric  Power  Conductors 8vo,  *2  oo 

Denny,  G.  A.     Deep-Level  Mines  of  the  Rand 4to,  *io  oo 

—  Diamond  Drilling  for  Gold *$  oo 

De  Roos,  J.  D.  C.     Linkages.     (Science  Series  No.  47.). . .  i6mo,  o  50 

Derr,  W.  L.     Block  Signal  Operation Oblong  i2mo,  *i  50 

—  Maintenance  of  Way  Engineering (In  Preparation.) 

Desaint,  A.     Three  Hundred  Shades  and  How  to  Mix  Them.  .8  vo,  *io  oo 

De  Varona,  A.     Sewer  Gases.     (Science  Series  No.  55.)...  i6mo,  o  50 
Devey,  R.  G.     Mill  and  Factory  Wiring.     (Installation  Manuals 

Series.) i2mo,  *i  oo 

Dibdin,  W.  J.     Public  Lighting  by  Gas  and  Electricity 8vo,  *8  oo 

Purification  of  Sewage  and  Water 8vo,  6  50 

Dichman,  C.    Basic  Open-Hearth  Steel  Process 8vo,  *3  50 

Dietrich,  K.     Analysis  of  Resins,  Balsams,  and  Gum  Resins  .8vo,  *3  oo 
Dinger,  Lieut.  H.  C.     Care  and  Operation  of  Naval  Machinery 

I2H1O.  *2    OO 

Dixon,  D.  B.     Machinist's  and  Steam  Engineer's  Practical  Cal- 
culator   i6mo,  mor.,  i  25 

Doble,  W.  A.    Power  Plant  Construction  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  (In  Press.) 
Dodd,  G.     Dictionary  of  Manufactures,  Mining,  Machinery,  and 

the  Industrial  Arts i2mo,  i  50 

Dorr,  B.  F.     The  Surveyor's  Guide  and  Pocket  Table-book. 

i6mo,  mor.,  2  oo 

Down,  P  B.     Handy  Copper  Wire  Table i6mo,  *i  oo 

Draper,   C.   H.     Elementary   Text-book   of   Light,    Heat   and 

Sound i2mo,  i  oo 

Heat  and  the  Principles  of  Therm o-dynamics i2mo,  i  50 

Duckwall,  E.  W.    Canning  and  Preserving  of  Food  Products. 8 vo,  *5  oo 
Dumesny,  P.,  and  Noyer,  J.     Wood  Products,  Distillates,  and 

Extracts 8vo,  *4  50 

Duncan,  W.  G.,  and  Penman,  D.     The  Electrical  Equipment  of 

Collieries 8vo,  *4  oo 

Dunstan,  A.  E.,  and  Thole,  F.  T.  B.    Textbook  of  Practical 

Chemistry i2mo,  *i  40 

Duthie,    A.    L.     Decorative    Glass    Processes.     (Westminster 

Series) 8vo,  *2  oo 


12   D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Dwight,  H.  B.    Transmission  Line  Formulas 8vo,  *  (In  Press.) 

Dyson,  S.  S.     Practical  Testing  of  Raw  Materials 8vo,  *5  oo 

Dyson,  S.  S.  and  Clarkson,  S.  S.    Chemical  Works 8vo,  *7  50 

Eccles,R.G.,andDuckwall,E.W.  Food  Preservatives.  8 vo,  paper,  o  50 

Eddy,  H.  T.     Researches  in  Graphical  Statics 8vo,  i  50 

Maximum  Stresses  under  Concentrated  Loads 8vo,  i  50 

Edgcumbe,  K.     Industrial  Electrical  Measuring  Instruments . 

8vo,  *2  50 

Eissler,  M.     The  Metallurgy  of  Gold 8vo,  7  50 

The  Hydrometallurgy  of  Copper 8vo,  *4  50 

The  Metallurgy  of  Silver 8vo,  4  oo 

The  Metallurgy  of  Argentiferous  Lead 8vo,  5  oo 

: Cyanide  Process  for  the  Extraction  of  Gold 8vo,  3  oo 

A  Handbook  of  Modern  Explosives 8vo,  5  oo 

Ekin,  T.  C.      Water  Pipe  and    Sewage    Discharge  Diagrams 

folio,  *3  oo 

Eliot,  C.  W.,  and  Storer,  F.  H.    Compendious  Manual  of  Qualita- 
tive Chemical  Analysis i2mo,  *i  25 

Elliot,  Major  G.  H.     European  Light-house  Systems 8vo,  5  oo 

Ennis,  Wm.  D.     Linseed  Oil  and  Other  Seed  Oils  8vo,  *4  oo 

Applied  Thermodynamics 8vo,  *4  59 

Flying  Machines  To-day i2mo,  *i  50 

Vapors  for  Heat  Engines i2mo,  *i  oo 

Erfurt,  J.     Dyeing  of  Paper  Pulp.     Trans,  by  J.  Hubner. .  .8vo,  *y  50 

Erskine -Murray,  J.     A  Handbook  of  Wireless  Telegraphy.. 8vo,  *3  50 

Evans,  C.  A.     Macadamized  Roads (In  Press.) 

Ewing,  A.  J.     Magnetic  Induction  in  Iron 8vo,  *4  oo 

Fairie,  J.     Notes  on  Lead  Ores i2mo,  *i  oo 

Notes  on  Pottery  Clays i2mo,  *i  50 

Fairley,  W.,  and  Andre,  Geo.  J.     Ventilation  of  Coal  Mines. 

(Science  Series  No.  58.) i6mo,  o  50 

Fairweather,  W.  C.     Foreign  and  Colonial  Patent  Laws  . .  .8vo,  *3  oo 
Fanning,   T.   T.     Hydraulic   and   Water-supply    Engineering. 

8vo,  *5  oo 
Fauth,  P.     The  Moon  in  Modern  Astronomy.     Trans,  by  J. 

McCabe 8vo,  *2  oo 

Fay,  I.  W.    The  Coal-tar  Colors 8vo,  *4  oc 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG     13 

Fernbach,  R.  L.    Glue  and  Gelatine 8vo,  *3  oo 

Chemical  Aspects  of  Silk  Manufacture i2mo,  *i  oo 

Fischer,  E.     The  Preparation  of  Organic  Compounds.     Trans. 

by  R.  V.  Stanford i2mo,  *i  25 

Fish,  J.  C.  L.     Lettering  of  Working  Drawings Oblong  80,  i  oo 

Fisher,  H.  K.  C.,  and  Darby,  W.  C.     Submarine  Cable  Testing. 

8vo,  *3  50 

Fiske,  Lieut.  B.  A.     Electricity  in  Theory  and  Practice  . . .  .8vo,  2  50 
Fleischmann,  W.     The  Book  of  the  Dairy.     Trans,  by  C.  M0 

Aikman 8vo,  4  oo 

Fleming,    J.    A.     The    Alternate-current    Transformer.     Two 

Volumes 8vo, 

Vol.    I.     The  Induction  of  Electric  Currents *5  oo 

Vol.  II.     The  Utilization  of  Induced  Currents *5  oo 

Propagation  of  Electric  Currents 8vo,  *3  oo 

Fleming,  J,  A.     Centenary  of  the  Electrical  Current 8vo,  *o  50 

Electric  Lamps  and  Electric  Lighting 8vo,  *3  oo 

Electric  Laboratory  Notes  and  Forms 4to,  *5  oo 

A  Handbook  for  the  Electrical  Laboratory  and  Testing 

Room.     Two  Volumes 8vo,  each,  *5  oo 

Fluery,  H.     The  Calculus  Without   Limits  or    Infinitesimals. 

Trans,  by  C.  0.  Mailloux (In  Press.) 

Flynn,  P.  J»     Flow  of  Water.     (Science  Series  No.  84.). . .  i6mo,  o  50 

—  Hydraulic  Tables.     (Science  Series  No.  66.) i6mo,  o  50 

Foley,  N.     British  and  American  Customary  and  Metric  Meas- 
ures   folio,  *3  oo 

Foster,  H.  A.  Electrical  Engineers'  Pocket-booko  (Sixth 

Edition.) I2mo,  leather,  5  oo 

Engineering  Valuation  of  Public  Utilities 8vo,  3  oo* 

Foster,  Gen.  J.  G.  Submarine  Blasting  in  Boston  (Mass.) 

Harbor 4to,  3  50 

Fowle,  F.  F.     Overhead  Transmission  Line  Crossings  .. . .  i2mo,  *i  50 

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Fox,  W.  G.     Transition  Curves.     (Science  Series  No.  no.). i6mo,  050 
Fox,  W.,  and  Thomas,  C.  W.     Practical  Course  in  Mechanical 

Drawing i2mo,  i  25 

Foye,  J.  C.     Chemical  Problems.,     (Science  Series  No.  69. ).i6mo,  o  50 

Handbook   of    Mineralogy.      (Science    Series    No.   86.) . 

i6mo,  o  50 


14     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Francis,  J.  B.     Lowell  Hydraulic  Experiments 4to,  15  oo 

Freudemacher,  P.   W.    Electrical  Mining  Installations.     (In- 
stallation Manuals  Series.) i2mo,  *i  oo 

Frith,  J.     Alternating  Current  Design 8vo,  *2  oo 

Fritsch,  J.     Manufacture  of  Chemical  Manures.    Trans,  by 

D.  Grant 8vo,  *4  oo 

Frye,  A.  I.     Civil  Engineers'  Pocket-book ....  i2mo,  leather,  (In  Press.) 
Fuller,  G.  W.     Investigations  into  the  Purification  of  the  Ohio 

River 4to,  *io  oo 

Furnell,  J.     Paints,  Colors,  Oils,  and  Varnishes 8vo,  *i  oo 

Gairdner,  J.  W.  I.    Earthwork 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Gant,  L.  W.     Elements  of  Electric  Traction 8vo,  *2  50 

Garforth,  W.  E.     Rules  for  Recovering  Coal  Mines  after  Explo- 
sions and  Fires i2mo,  leather,  i  50 

Gaudard,  J.     Foundations.     (Science  Series  No.  34.) i6mo,  o  50 

Gear,  H.  B.,  and  Williams,  P.  F.     Electric  Central  Station  Dis- 
tributing Systems i2mo,  *3  oo 

Geerligs,  H.  C.  P.     Cane  Sugar  and  Its  Manufacture 8vo,  *5  oo 

Geikie,  J.     Structural  and  Field  Geology 8vo,  *4  oo 

Gerber,  N.     Analysis  of  Milk,  Condensed  Milk,  and  Infants' 

Milk-Food 8vo,  i  25 

Gerhard,  W.  P.     Sanitation,  Water-supply  and  Sewage  Disposal 

of  Country  Houses i2mo,  *2  oo 

Gas  Lighting.     (Science  Series  No.  in.) i6mo,  o  50 

Household  Wastes.     (Science  Series  No.  97.) i6mo,  o  50 

House  Drainage.     (Science  Series  No.  63.) i6mo,  o  50 

Sanitary  Drainage  of  Buildings.     (Science  Series  No.  93.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Gerhardi,  C.  W.  H.     Electricity  Meters 8vo,  *4  oo 

Geschwind,  L.     Manufacture  of  Alum  and  Sulphates.     Trans. 

by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *$  oo 

Gibbs,  W.  E.     Lighting  by  Acetylene i2mo,  *i  50 

Physics  of  Solids  and  Fluids.     (Carnegie  Technical  Schools 

Text-books.) *i  50 

Gibson,  A.  H.     Hydraulics  and  Its  Application 8vo,  *5  oo 

Water  Hammer  in  Hydraulic  Pipe  Lines i2mo,  *2  oo 

Gilbreth,  F.  B.     Motion  Study.     A  Method  for  Increasing  the 

Efficiency  of  the  Workman i2mo,  *2  oo 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG     15 

Gilbreth,  F.  B.    Primer  of  Scientific  Management I2mo,  *i  oo 

Gillmore,  Gen.  Q.  A.     Limes,  Hydraulic  Cements  and  Mortars. 

8vo,  4  oo 

Roads,  Streets,  and  Pavements i2mo,  2  oo 

Golding,  H.  A.     The  Theta-Phi  Diagram i2mo,  *i  25 

Goldschmidt,  R.     Alternating  Current  Commutator  Motor  .8vo,  *3  oo 

Goodchild,  W.     Precious  Stones.     (Westminster  Series.). .  -8vo,  *2  oo 

Goodeve,  T.  M.     Textbook  on  the  Steam-engine i2mo,  2  oo 

Gore,  G.     Electrolytic  Separation  of  Metals 8vo,  *3  50 

Gould,  E.  S.     Arithmetic  of  the  Steam-engine i2mo,  i  oo 

Calculus.     (Science  Series  No.  112.) i6mo,  o  50 

—  High  Masonry  Dams.     (Science  Series  No.  22.) i6mo,  o  50 

Practical  Hydrostatics  and  Hydrostatic  Formulas.     (Science 

Series.) i6mo,  o  50 

Grant,    J.      Brewing    and    Distilling.      (Westminster    Series.) 

8vo   (In  Press.) 

Gratacap,  L.  P.    A  Popular  Guide  to  Minerals.    8vo (In  Press.) 

Gray,  J.     Electrical  Influence  Machines I2mo,  2  oo 

—  Marine  Boiler  Design I2mo  (In  Press.) 

GreenhiU,  G.    Dynamics  of  Mechanical  Flight 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Greenwood,  E.     Classified  Guide  to  Technical  and  Commercial 

Books 8vo,  *3  oo 

Gregorius,  R.     Mineral  Waxes.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter i2mo,  *3  oo 

Griffiths,  A.  B.     A  Treatise  on  Manures i2mo,  3  oo 

—  Dental  Metallurgy 8vo,  *3  50 

Gross,  E.     Hops 8vo,  *4  50 

Grossman,  J.     Ammonia  and  its  Compounds 12 mo,  *i  25 

Groth,  L.  A.     Welding  and  Cutting  Metals  by  Gases  or  Electric- 
ity  8vo,  *3  oo 

Grover,  F.     Modern  Gas  and  Oil  Engines 8vo,  *2  oo 

Gruner,  A.     Power-loom  Weaving 8vo,  *3  oo 

Giiidner,    Hugo.      Internal-Combustion    Engines.      Trans,    by 

H.  Diedrichs 4to,  *io  oo 

Gunther,  C.  O.     Integration i2mo,  *i  25 

Gurden,  R.  L.     Traverse  Tables folio,  half  mor.  *7  50 

Guy,  A.  E.     Experiments  on  the  Flexure  of  Beams 8vo,  *i  25 

Haeder,  H.     Handbook  on  the  Steam-engine.     Trans,  by  H.  H. 

P.  Powles • i2mo,  3  oo 


16    D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Haenig,  A.    Emery  and  the  Emery  Industry 8vo    (In  Press.) 

Hainbach,  R.     Pottery  Decoration.     Trans,  by  C.  Slater .  .  1200,     *3  oo 

Hale,  W.  J.     Calculations  of  General  Chemistry. i2mo,     *i  oo 

Hall,  C.  H.     Chemistry  of  Paints  and  Paint  Vehicles i2mo,     *2  oo 

Hall,  R.  H.     Governors  and  Governing  Mechanism i2mo,     *2  oo 

Hall,  W.  S.     Elements  of  the  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus 

8vo,     *2  25 

Descriptive  Geometry 8vo  volume  and  4to  atlas,     *3  50 

Haller,  G.  F.,  and  Cunningham,  E.  T.    The  Tesla  Coil i2mo,     *i 

Halsey,  F.  A.     Slide  Valve  Gears i2mo,       i 

The  Use  of  the  Slide  Rule.   (Science  Series.) i6mo, 

—  Worm  and  Spiral  Gearing.     (Science  Series.) i6mo, 

Hamilton,  W.  G.     Useful  Information  for  Railway  Men. .  i6mo,       i 
Hammer,  W.  J.     Radium  and  Other  Radioactive  Substances, 

8vo,     *i 

Hancock,  H.     Textbook  of  Mechanics  and  Hydrostatics 8vo,       i 

Hardy,  E.     Elementary  Principles  of  Graphic  Statics i2mo,     *i 

Harrison,  W.  B.     The  Mechanics'  Tool-book i2mo,       i 

Hart,  J.  W.     External  Plumbing  Work 8vo,     *3 

Hints  to  Plumbers  on  Joint  Wiping 8vo,     *3 

Principles  of  Hot  Water  Supply 8vo, 

Sanitary  Plumbing  and  Drainage 8vo, 

Haskins,  C.  H.     The  Galvanometer  and  Its  Uses i6mo, 

Hatt,  J.  A.  H.     The  Colorist square  I2mo, 

Hausbrand,  E.     Drying  by  Means  of  Air  and  Steam.     Trans. 

by  A.  C.  Wright i2mo,     *2 

Evaporating,  Condensing  and  Cooling  Apparatus.     Trans. 

by  A.  C.  Wright 8vo,     *s 

Hausner,  A.     Manufacture  of  Preserved  Foods  and  Sweetmeats. 

Trans,  by  A.  Morris  and  H.  Robson '. . . . .  8vo,     *• 

Hawke,  W.  H.     Premier  Cipher  Telegraphic  Code 410, 

—  100,000  Words  Supplement  to  the  Premier  Code 410, 

Hawkesworth,  J.     Graphical  Handbook  for  Reniforced  Concrete 

Design 4to,     *2 

Hay,  A.     Alternating  Currents 8vo,     *2 

Electrical  Distributing  Networks  and  Distributing  Lines. 

8vo,    *3 

Continuous  Current  Engineering 8vo,     *2 

Heap,  Major  D.  P.     Electrical  Appliances .8vo,       2 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG     17 

Heaviside,    0.     Electromagnetic   Theory.     Two    volumes. 

8vo,  each,  *5  oo 

Heck,  R.  C.  H.    Steam  Engine  and  Turbine 8vo,  *5  oo 

Steam-Engine  and  Other  Steam  Motors.    Two  Volumes. 

Vol.    I.     Thermodynamics  and  the  Mechanics 8vo,  *3  50 

Vol.  II.     Form,  Construction  and  Working 8vo,  *S  oo 

Notes  on  Elementary  Kinematics 8vo,  boards,  *i  op 

Graphics  of  Machine  Forces 8vo,  boards,  *i  oo 

Hedges,  K.     Modern  Lightning  Conductors 8vo,  3  oo 

Heermann,  P.     Dyers'    Materials.     Trans,   by   A.  C.  Wright. 

i2mo,  *2  50 
Hellot,  Macquer  and  D'Apligny.     Art  of  Dyeing  Wool,  Silk  and 

Cotton . 8vo,  *2  oo 

Henrici,  0.     Skeleton  Structures 8vo,  i  50 

Bering,  D.  W.    Essentials  of  Physics  for  College  Students. 

8vo,  i  75 
Hermann,  G.     The  Graphical  Statics  of  Mechanism.     Trans. 

by  A.  P.  Smith i2mo,  2  oo 

Herring-Shaw,  A.    Domestic  Sanitation  and  Plumbing.  Two 

Parts . . . : 8vo,  *s  oo 

Elementary  Science  of  Sanitation  and  Plumbing ....  8vo,  *2  oo 

Herzfeld,  J.     Testing  of  Yarns  and  Textile  Fabrics 8vo,  *3  50 

Hildebrandt,  A.     Airships,  Past  and  Present 8vo,  *3  50 

Hildenbrand,  B.  W.     Cable-Making.      (Science  Series  No.  32.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Hildich,  H.     Concise  History  of  Chemistry i2mo,  *i  25 

Hill,  J.  W.     The  Purification  of  Public  Water  Supplies.     New 

Edition (In  Press,) 

Interpretation  of  Water  Analysis (In  Press.) 

Hiroi,  I.     Plate  Girder  Construction.     (Science  Series  No.  95.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Statically-Indeterminate  Stresses 12 mo,  *2  oo 

Hirshfeld,    C.    F.      Engineering     Thermodynamics.     (Science 

Series.) i6mo,  o  50 

Hobart,  H.  M.     Heavy  Electrical  Engineering 8vo,  *4  50 

Design  of  Static  Transformers 8vo,  *2  oo 

Electricity 8vo,  *2  oo 

Electric  Trains 8vo,  *2  50 

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18    D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Hobart,  J.  F.    Hard  Soldering,  Soft  Soldering,  and  Brazing . 

i2mo,  (In  Press.) 
Hobbs,  W.  R.  P.     The  Arithmetic  of  Electrical  Measurements 

1 2 mo,  o  50 

Hoff,  J.  N.     Paint  and  Varnish  Facts  and  Formulas i2mo,  *i  50 

Hoff,  Com.W.  B.  The  Avoidance  of  Collisions  at  Sea.  i6mo,  mor.,     o  75 

Hole,  W.     The  Distribution  of  Gas 8vo,  *7  50 

Holley,  A.  L.     Railway  Practice.  . folio,  12  oo 

Holmes,  A.  B.     The  Electric  Light  Popularly  Explained. 

i2mo,  paper,  o  50 

Hopkins,  N.  M.     Experimental  Electrochemistry 8vo,  *3  oo 

Model  Engines  and  Small  Boats i2mo,  i  25 

Hopkinson,  J.,  Shoolbred,  J.  N,,  and  Day,  R.  E.     Dynamic 

Electricity.     (Science  Series  No.  71.) i6mo,  o  50 

Homer,  J.     Engineers'  Turning 8vo,  *3  50 

Metal  Turning i2mo,  i  50 

Toothed  Gearing i2mo,  2  25 

Honghton,  C.  E.    The  Elements  of  Mechanics  of  Materials.  i2mo,  *2  oo 

Houllevigue,  L.     The  Evolution  of  the  Sciences 8vo,  *2  oo 

Howe,  G.     Mathematics  for  the  Practical  Man ; . .  i2mo,  *i  25 

Howorth,  J.     Repairing  and  Riveting  Glass,  China  and  Earthen- 
ware  8vo,  paper,  *o  50 

Hubbard,  E.     The  Utilization  of  Wood-waste 8vo,  *2  50 

Hubner,  J.     Bleaching  and  Dyeing  of  Vegetable  and  Fibrous 

Materials.     (Outlines  of  Industrial  Chemistry.) .  *(In  Press.) 
Hudson,    O.    F.     Iron    and    Steel.     (Outlines    of    Industrial 

Chemistry.) 8vo    (In  Press.) 

Humber,  W.     Calculation  of  Strains  in  Girders i2mo,  2  50 

Humphreys,    A.    C.     The    Business    Features    of   Engineering 

Practice 8vo,  *  i  25 

Hunter,  A.    Bridge  Work 8vo    (In  Press.) 

Hurst,  G.  H.     Handbook  of  the  Theory  of  Color 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Dictionary  of  Chemicals  and  Raw  Products 8vo,  *3  oo 

Lubricating  Oils,  Fats  and  Greases 8vo,  *4  oo 

Soaps 8vo,  *s  oo 

Textile  Soaps  and  Oils 8vo,  *2  50 

Hurst,  H.  E.,  and  Lattey,  R.  T.     Text-book  of  Physics 8vo,  *3  oo 

Hutchinson,  R.  W.,  Jr.     Long  Distance  Electric  Power  Trans- 
mission  i2mo,  *3  oo 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG    19 

Hutchinson,  R.  W.,  Jr.,  and  Ihlseng,  M.  C.  Electricity  in 

Mining i2mo  (In  Press.) 

Hutchinson,  W.  B.  Patents  and  How  to  Make  Money  Out  of 

Them i2mo,  i  25 

Hutton,  W.  S.     Steam-boiler  Construction 8vo,  6  oo 

Practical  Engineer's  Handbook 8vo,  7  oo 

—  The  Works'  Manager's  Handbook 8vo,  6  oo 

Hyde,  E.  W.     Skew  Arches.     (Science  Series  No.  15.).-  •  .i6mo,  o  50 

Induction  Coils.     (Science  Series  No.  53.) i6mo,  o  50 

Ingle,  H.     Manual  of  Agricultural  Chemistry.. 8vo,  *3  oo 

Innes,  C.  H.     Problems  in  Machine  Design I2mo,  *2  oo 

Air  Compressors  and  Blowing  Engines i2mo,  *2  oo 

Centrifugal  Pumps i2mo,  *2  oo 

The  Fan i2mo,  *2  oo 

Isherwood,  B.  F.     Engineering  Precedents  for  Steam  Machinery 

8vo,  2  50 

Ivatts,  E.  B.    Railway  Management  at  Stations 8vo,  *2  50 

Jacob,  A.,  and  Gould,  E.  S.     On  the  Designing  and  Construction 

of  Storage  Reservoirs.     (Science  Series  No.  6.).  .i6mo,  050 

Jamieson,  A.     Text  Book  on  Steam  and  Steam  Engines. . .  .  8vo,  3  oo 

Elementary  Manual  on  Steam  and  the  Steam  Engine.  1 2mo,  I  50 

Jannettaz,  E.     Guide  to  the  Determination  of  Rocks.     Trans. 

by  Go  W.  Plympton I2mo,  I  50 

Jehl,  F.     Manufacture  of  Carbons 8vo,  *4  oo 

Jennings,   A.   S.     Commercial   Paints   and   Painting,     (West- 
minster Series.) 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Jennison,  F.  H.     The  Manufacture  of  Lake  Pigments 8vo,  *3  oo 

Jepson,  G.     Cams  and  the  Principles  of  their  Construction...  8  vo  *i  50 

—  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo  (In  Prep^-ation.) 

Jockin,  W.     Arithmetic  of  the  Gold  and  Silversmith i2mo,  *i  oo 

Johnson,  G.  L.  Photographic  Optics  and  Color  Photography.Svo,  *3  oo 
Johnson,  J.  H.    Arc  Lamps.     (Installation  Manuals  Series.) 

i2mo,  *o  75 
Johnson,  T.  M.  Ship  Wiring  and  Fitting.  (Installation 

Manuals  Series) i6mo,  *o  75 

Johnson,  W.  H.  The  Cultivation  and  Preparation  of  Para 

Rubber 8vo,  *3  oo 


20    D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Johnson,  W.  McA.     The  Metallurgy  of  Nickel (In  Preparation.) 

Johnston,  J.  F.  W.,  and  Cameron,  C.     Elements  of  Agricultural 

Chemistry  and  Geology i2mo,      2  60 

Joly,  J.     Radioactivity  and  Geology I2mo,     *3  oo 

Jones,  H.  C.    Electrical  Nature  of  Matter  and  Radioactivity 

I2mo,     *2  oo 

Jones,  M.  W.    Testing  Raw  Materials  Used  in  Paint i2mo,     *2  oo 

Jones,  L.,  and  Scard,  F.  I.     Manufacture  of  Cane  Sugar 8 vo,    *5  oo 

Jordan,  L.  C.    Practical  Railway  Spiral. .  . i2mo,  Leather  *(In  Press.) 
Joynson,  F.  H.     Designing  and  Construction  of  Machine  Gear- 
ing  8vo,       2  oo 

Jtiptner,  H.  F.  V.    Siderology :  The  Science  of  Iron 8vo,     *5  oo 


City  Bridge 4to,  6  oo 

Kapp,  G.    Alternate  Current  Machinery.     (Science  Series  No. 

96.) i6mo,  o  50 

Electric  Transmission  of  Energy i2mo,  3  50 

Keim,  A.  W.     Prevention  of  Dampness  in  Buildings 8vo,  *2  oo 

Keller,  S.  S.    Mathematics  for  Engineering  Students. 

i2mo,  half  leather, 

Algebra  and  Trigonometry,  with  a  Chapter  on  Vectors. ...  *i  75 

Special  Algebra  Edition *i  oo 

Plane  and  Solid  Geometry *i  25 

Analytical  Geometry  and  Calculus *2  oo 

Kelsey,  W.   R.      Continuous-current    Dynamos  and  Motors. 

v                                                                                           8vo,  *2  50 
Kemble,  W.  T.,  and  Underbill,  C.  R.    The  Periodic  Law  and  the 

Hydrogen  Spectrum 8vo,  paper,  *o  50 

Kemp,  J.  F.    Handbook  of  Rocks 8vo,  *i  50 

Kendall,  E.    Twelve  Figure  Cipher  Code 4to,  *i5  oo 

Kennedy,   A.   B.   W.,  and  Thurston,   R.   H.     Kinematics   of 

Machinery.     (Science  Series  No.  54.) i6mo,  o  50 

Kennedy,  A.  B.  W.,  Unwin,  W.  C.,  and  Idell,  F.  E.    Compressed 

Air.     (Science  Series  No.  106.) i6mo,  o  50 

Kennedy,  R.     Modern  Engines  and  Power   Generators.     Six 

Volumes 4to,  15  oo 

Single  Volumes each,  3  oo 

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Single  Volumes each,  3  50 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG   21 

Kennedy,  R.     Principles  of  Aeroplane  Construction.  .  .  .  i2mo,  *i  50 

Flying  Machines;  Practice  and  Design i2mo,  *2  oo 

Kennelly,  A.  E.     Electro-dynamic  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Kent,  W.    Strength  of  Materials.     (Science  Series  No.  4i.).i6mo,  o  50 

Kershaw,  J.  B.  C.     Fuel,  Water  and  Gas  Analysis 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Electrometallurgy.     (Westminster  Series.), 8vo,  *2  oo 

—  The  Electric  Furnace  in  Iron  and  Steel  Production.. i2mo,  *i  50 
Kinzbrunner,  C.     Alternate  Current  Windings 8vo,  *i  50 

—  Continuous  Current  Armatures 8vo,  *i  50 

Testing  of  Alternating  Current  Machines 8vo,  *2  oo 

Kirkaldy,    W.    G.     David    Kirkaldy's    System    of   Mechanical 

Testing 4to,  10  oo 

Kirkbride,  J.     Engraving  for  Illustration 8vo,  *i  50 

Kirkwood,  J.  P.     Filtration  of  River  Waters 4to,  7  50 

Klein,  J.  F.     Design  of  a  High  speed  Steam-engine 8vo,  *s  oo 

Physical  Significance  of  Entropy 8vo,  *i  50 

Kleinhans,  F.  B.     Boiler  Construction 8vo,  3  oo 

Knight,  R.-Adm.  A.  M.    Modern  Seamanship 8vo,  *7  50 

Half  Mor.  *Q  oo 

Knox,  W.  F.     Logarithm  Tables (In  Preparation.) 

Knott,  C.  G.,  and  Mackay,  J.  S.     Practical  Mathematics. .  .8vo,  2  oo 

Koester,  F.     Steam-Electric  Power  Plants 4to,  *5  oo 

Hydroelectric  Developments  and  Engineering 4to,  *5  oo 

Koller,  T.     The  Utilization  of  Waste  Products 8vo,  *3  50 

—  Cosmetics 8vo,  *2  50 

Kretchmar,  K.    Yam  and  Warp  Sizing 8vo,  *4  oo 

Lambert,  T.     Lead  and  its  Compounds 8vo,  *3  50 

Bone  Products  and  Manures 8vo,  *3  oo 

Lamborn,  L.  L.     Cottonseed  Products 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Modern  Soaps,  Candles,  and  Glycerin 8vo,  *7  50 

Lamprecht,  R.     Recovery  Work  After  Pit  Fires.      Trans,  by 

C.  Salter .8vo,  *4  oo 

Lanchester,  F.  W.     Aerial  Flight.     Two  Volumes.     8vo. 

Vol.    I.     Aerodynamics *6  oo 

Vol.  II.     Aerodonetics *6  oo 

Larner,  E.  T.     Principles  of  Alternating  Currents i2mo,  *i  25 

Larrabee,   C.   S.     Cipher  and  Secret  Letter  and  Telegraphic 

Code i6mo,  o  60 


22    D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

La  Rue,  B.  F.     Swing  Bridges.     (Science  Series  No.  107.) .  i6mo,  o  50 
Lassar-Cohn,  Dr.     Modern  Scientific  Chemistry.     Trans,  by  M. 

M.  Pattison  Muir i2mo,  *2  oo 

Latimer,  L.  H.,  Field,  C.  J.,  and  Howell,  J.  W.     Incandescent 

Electric  Lighting.     (Science  Series  No.  57.) i6mo,  o  50 

Latta,  M.  N.     Handbook  of  American  Gas-Engineering  Practice. 

8vo,  *4  50 

American  Producer  Gas  Practice 4to,  *6  oo 

Leask,  A.  R.     Breakdowns  at  Sea i2mo,  2  oo 

Refrigerating  Machinery i2mo,  2  oo 

Lecky,  S.  T.  S.     "  Wrinkles  "  in  Practical  Navigation 8vo,  *8  oo 

Le  Doux,  M.     Ice-Making  Machines.     (Science  Series  No.  46.) 

i6mo,  o  50 
Leeds,  C.  C.    Mechanical  Drawing  for  Trade  Schools .  oblong,  4to, 

High  School  Edition *i  25 

Machinery  Trades  Edition *2  oo 

Lefe*vre,  L.     Architectural  Pottery.     Trans,  by  H.  K.  Bird  and 

W.  M.  Binns 4to,  *7  50 

Lehner,  S.     Ink  Manufacture.     Trans,  by  A.  Morris  and  H. 

Robson 8vo,  *2  50 

Lemstrom,  S.     Electricity  in  Agriculture  and  Horticulture . .  8vo,  *  i  50 
Le  Van,  W.  B.     Steam-Engine  Indicator      (Science  Series  No. 

78.) i6mo,  o  50 

Lewes,  V.  B.     Liquid  and  Gaseous  Fuels.     ^Westminster  Series.) 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Lewis,  L.  P.    Railway  Signal  Engineering 8vo,  *3  50 

Lieber,  B.  F.     Lieber's  Standard  Telegraphic  Code 8vo,  *io  oo 

Code.    German  Edition 8vo,  *io  oo 

Spanish  Edition 8vo,  *io  oo 

French  Edition 8vo,  *  10  oo 

—  Terminal  Index 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Lieber's  Appendix folio,  "15  oo 

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Shippers'  Blank  Tables 8vo,  *i$  oo 

• 100,000,000  Combination  Code .8vo,  *io  oo 

• Engineering  Code 8vo,  *i2  50 

Livermore,  V.  P.,  and  Williams,  J.     How  to  Become  a  Com- 
petent Motorman i2mo,  *i  oo 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG    23 

Livingstone,    R.    Design  and  Construction  of  Commutators. 

8vo,     *2  25 
Lobben,  P.    Machinists'  and  Draftsmen's  Handbook  ......  8vo,      2  50 

Locke,  A.  G.  and  C.  G.     Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid 8vo,     10  oo 

Lockwood,  T.  D.  Electricity,  Magnetism,  and  Electro-teleg- 
raphy  8vo,  2  50 

Electrical  Measurement  and  the  Galvanometer i2mo,      o  75 

Lodge,  0.  J.     Elementary  Mechanics I2mo,       i  50 

Signalling  Across  Space  without  Wires 8vo,     *2  oo 

Loewenstein,  L.  C.,  and  Crissey,  C.  P.    Centrifugal  Pumps. 8vo,    *4  50 

Lord,  R.  T.     Decorative  and  Fancy  Fabrics 8vo,     *3  50 

Loring,  A.  E.     A  Handbook  of  the  Electromagnetic  Telegraph. 

(Science  Series  No.  39) i6mo,      o  50 

Lubschez,  B.  J.    Perspective (In  Press.) 

Lucke,  C.  E.     Gas  Engine  Design 8vo,     *3  oo 

Power  Plants:  their  Design,  Efficiency,  and  Power  Costs. 

2  vols (In  Preparation.) 

Lunge,  G.     Coal-tar  Ammonia.     Two  Volumes 8vo,  *i$  oo 

Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid  and  Alkali.     Three  Volumes 

8vo, 

Vol.    I.     Sulphuric  Acid.     In  two  parts *I5  oo 

Vol.  II.     Salt  Cake,  Hydrochloric  Acid  and  Leblanc  Soda. 

In  two  parts *i$  oo 

Vol.  IE.    Ammonia  Soda *io  oo 

Vol.  IV.    Electrolytic  Methods (In  Press.) 

Technical  Chemists'  Handbook i2mo,  leather,     *3  50 

Lunge,  G.  Technical  Methods  of  Chemical  Analysis.  Trans, 
by  C.  A.  Keane.  In  collaboration  with  the  corps  of 
specialists. 

Vol.    I.     In  two  parts 8vo,  *i$  oo 

Vol.  n.    In  two  parts 8vo,  *i8  oo 

Vol.  Ill (In  Preparation.) 

Lupton,  A.,  Parr,  G.  D.  A.,  and  Perkin,  H.     Electricity  as  Applied 

to  Mining 8vo,     *4  50 

Luquer,  L.  M.     Minerals  in  Rock  Sections 8vo,     *i  50 

Macewen,  H.  A.     Food  Inspection 8vo,     *2  50 

Mackenzie,  N.  F.     Notes  on  Irrigation  Works 8vo,     *2  50 

Mackie,  J.     How  to  Make  a  Woolen  Mill  Pay 8vo,     *2  oo 


24     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Mackrow,    C.    Naval    Architect's    and    Shipbuilder's    Pocket- 
book i6mo,  leather,  5  oo 

Maguire,  Wm.  R.     Domestic  Sanitary  Drainage  and  Plumbing 

8vo,  4  oo 
Mallet,    A.    Compound    Engines.     Trans,    by    R.    R.    Buel. 

(Science  Series  No.  10.). i6mo, 

Mansfield,  A.  N.     Electro-magnets.     (Science  Series  No.  64) 

i6mo,  o  50 
Marks,  E.  C.  R.     Construction  of  Cranes  and  Lifting  Machinery 

1 2 mo,  *i  50 

Construction  and  Working  of  Pumps i2mo,  *i  50 

Manufacture  of  Iron  and  Steel  Tubes I2mo,  *2  oo 

Mechanical  Engineering  Materials I2mo,  *i  oo 

Marks,  G.  C.     Hydraulic  Power  Engineering 8vo,  3  50 

Inventions,  Patents  and  Designs I2mo,  *i  oo 

Marlow,  T.  G.     Drying  Machinery  and  Practice 8vo,  *5  oo 

Marsh,  C.  F.     Concise  Treatise  on  Reinforced  Concrete 8vo,  *2  50 

Reinforced    Concrete    Compression    Member   Diagram.  i  50 

Marsh,  C.  F.,  and  Dunn,  W.     Reinforced  Concrete 4to,  *5  oo 

Manual  of  Reinforced  Concrete  and  Concrete  Block  Con- 
struction  i6mo,  mor.,  *2  50 

Marshall,  W.  J.,  and  Sankey,  H.  R.    Gas  Engines.    (Westminster 

Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Martin,   G.    Triumphs  and  Wonders  of  Modern  'Chemistry. 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Martin,  N.     Reinforced  Concrete (In  Press.) 

Massie,  W.  W.,  and  Underbill,  C.  R.    Wireless  Telegraphy  and 

Telephony I2nio,  *i  oo 

Matheson,  D.     Australian  Saw-Miller's  Log  and  Timber  Ready 

Reckoner i2mo,  leather,  i  50 

Mathot,  R.  E.     Internal  Combustion  Engines 8vo,  *6  oo 

Maurice,  W.     Electric  Blasting  Apparatus  and  Explosives  ..8vo,  *3  50 

—  Shot  Firer's  Guide 8vo,  *i  50 

Maxwell,  J.  C.     Matter  and  Motion.     (Science  Series  No.  36.) 

i6mo,  o  50 
Maxwell,  W.  H.,  and  Brown,  J.  T.     Encyclopedia  of  Municipal 

and  Sanitary  Engineering 410,  *io  oo 

Mayer,  A.  M.     Lecture  Notes  on  Physics 8vo,  2  oo 

•McCullough,  R.  S.     Mechanical  Theory  of  Heat 8vo,  3  50 

Mclntosh,  J.  G.     Technology  of  Sugar 8vo,  *4  50 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG   25 

Mclntosh,  J.  G.     Industrial  Alcohol 8vo,  *3  oo 

Manufacture  of  Varnishes  and  Kindred  Industries.    Three 

Volumes.    8vo. 

Vol.  I.     Oil  Crushing,  Refining  and  Boiling *3  50 

Vol.  II.     Varnish  Materials  and  Oil  Varnish  Making *4  oo 

Vol.  ffl.     Spirit  Varnishes  and  Materials *4  5<> 

McKnight,  J.  D.,  and  Brown,   A.  W.     Marine   Multitubular 

Boilers *i  So 

McMaster,  J.  B.     Bridge  and  Tunnel  Centres.     (Science  Series 

No.  20.) i6mo,  o  50 

McMechen,  F.  L.     Tests  for  Ores,  Minerals  and  Metals. . .  i2mo,  *i  oo 

McNeill,  B.     McNeill's  Code 8vo,  *6  oo 

McPherson,  J.  A.     Water-works  Distribution 8vo,  2  50 

Melick,  C.  W.     Dairy  Laboratory  Guide I2mo,  *i  25 

Merck,  E.     Chemical  Reagents ;  Their  Purity  and  Tests 8vo,  *i  50 

Merritt,  Wm.  H.  Field  Testing  for  Gold  and  Silver .  i6mo,  leather,  i  50 

Messer,  W.  A.    Railway  Permanent  Way 8vo    (In  Press.) 

Meyer,  J.  G.  A.,  and  Pecker,  C.  G.     Mechanical  Drawing  and 

Machine  Design 4to,  5  oo 

Michell,  S.     Mine  Drainage 8vo,  10  oo 

Mierzinski,  S.     Waterproofing  of  Fabrics.     Trans,  by  A.  Morris 

and  H.  Robson 8vo,  *2  50 

Miller,  E.  H.     Quantitative  Analysis  for  Mining  Engineers . .  8vo,  *i  50 
Miller,  G.  A.     Determinants.     (Science  Series  No.  105.).  .i6mo, 

Milroy,  M.  E.  W.     Home  Lace -making I2mo,  *i  oo 

Minifie,  W.     Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  *4  oo 

Mitchell,  C.  A.,  and  Prideaux,  R.  M.     Fibres  Used  in  Textile  and 

Allied  Industries 8vo,  *3  oo 

Modern  Meteorology I2mo,  i  50 

Monckton,  C.  C.  F.     Radiotelegraphy.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo,  *2  oo 
Monteverde,  R.  D.     Vest  Pocket  Glossary  of  English-Spanish, 

Spanish-English  Technical  Terms 64010,  leather,  *  i  oo 

Moore,  E.  C.  S.     New  Tables  for  the  Complete  Solution  of 

Ganguillet  and  Kutter's  Formula 8vo,  *5  oo 

Morecroft,  J.  H.,  and  Hehre,  F.  W.    Testing  Electrical  Ma- 
chinery   8vo,  *i  50 

Moreing,  C.  A.,  and  Neal,  T.     New  General  and  Mining  Tele- 
graph Code 8vo,  *5  oo 


26     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG 

Morgan,  A.  P.     Wireless  Telegraph  Construction  for  Amateurs. 

I2mo,  *i  50 

Moses,  A.  J.     The  Characters  of  Crystals 8vo,  *2  oo 

Moses,  A.  J.,  and  Parsons,  C.  I.  Elements  of  Mineralogy ..  8vo,  *2  50 
Moss,  S.  A.  Elements  of  Gas  Engine  Design.  (Science 

Series.) ibmo,  o  50 

—  The  Lay-out  of  Corliss  Valve  Gears.     (Science  Series) .  i6mo,  o  50 

Mulford,  A.  C.    Boundaries  and  Landmarks (In  Press.) 

Mullin,  J.  P.     Modern  Moulding  and  Pattern- making .  .  .  .  i2mo,  2  50 
Munby,  A.  E.     Chemistry  and  Physics  of  Building  Materials. 

(Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Murphy,  J.  G.     Practical  Mining i6mo,  i  oo 

Murray,  J.  A.     Soils  and  Manures.     (Westminster  Series.). 8 vo,  *2  oo 

Naquet,  A.  Legal  Chemistry I2mo,  2  oo 

Nasmith,  J.  The  Student's  Cotton  Spinning 8vo,  3  oo 

Recent  Cotton  Mill  Construction i2mo,  2  oo 

Neave,  G.  B.,  and  Heilbron,  I.  M.  Identification  of  Organic 

Compounds i2mo,  *i  25 

Neilson,  R.  M.  Aeroplane  Patents 8vo,  *2  oo 

Nerz,  F.  Searchlights.  Trans,  by  C.  Rodgers 8vo,  *3  oo 

Nesbit,  A.  F.  Electricity  and  Magnetism (In  Preparation.) 

Neuberger,  H.,  and  Noalhat,  H.  Technology  of  Petroleum. 

Trans,  by  J.  G.  Mclntosh 8vo,  *io  oo 

Newall,  J.  W.  Drawing,  Sizing  and  Cutting  Bevel-gears . .  8 vo,  i  50 

Nicol,  G.  Ship  Construction  and  Calculations 8vo,  *4  50 

Nipher,  F.  E.  Theory  of  Magnetic  Measurements i2mo,  i  oo 

Nisbet,  H.  Grammar  of  Textile  Design 8vo,  *3  oo 

Nolan,  H.  The  Telescope.  (Science  Series  No.  51.) i6mo,  o  50 

Noll,  A.  How  to  Wire  Buildings I2mo,  i  50 

Nugent,  E.  Treatise  on  Optics i2mo,  i  50 

O'Connor,  H.     The  Gas  Engineer's  Pocketbook. . .  i2mo,  leather,  3  50 

—  Petrol  Air  Gas i2mo,  *o  75 

Ohm,  G.  S.,  and  Lockwood,  T.  D.     Galvanic  Circuit.     Trans,  by 

William  Francis.  (Science  Series  No.  102.).  .  .  .  i6mo,  o  50 

Olsen,  J.  C.  Text  book  of  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis .  .8vo,  *4  oo 
Olsson,  A.  Motor  Control,  in  Turret  Turning  and  Gun  Elevating. 

(U.  S.  Navy  Electrical  Series,  No.  i.)  •  . . .  i2mo,  paper,  *o  50 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG  27 

Oudin,  M.  A.     Standard  Polyphase  Apparatus  and  Systems  . .  8vo,  *3  oo 

Palaz,  A.     Industrial  Photometry.     Trans,  by  G.  W.  Patterson, 

Jr 8vo,  *4  oo 

Pamely,  C.     Colliery  Manager's  Handbook 8vo,  *io  oo 

Parr,  G.  D.  A.     Electrical  Engineering  Measuring  Instruments. 

8vo,  *3  50 

Parry,  E.  J.     Chemistry  of  Essential  Oils  and  Artificial  Per- 
fumes  8vo,  *5  oo 

Foods  and  Drugs.    Two  Volumes 8vo, 

Vol.   I.     Chemical  and  Microscopical  Analysis  of  Food 

and  Drugs *7  5<> 

Vol.  II.     Sale  of  Food  and  Drugs  Acts *3  oo 

Parry,  E.  J.,  and  Coste,  J.  H.     Chemistry  of  Pigments 8vo,  *4  5° 

Parry,  L.  A.     Risk  and  Dangers  of  Various  Occupations 8vo,  *3  oo 

Parshall,  H.  F.,  and  Hobart,  H.  M.     Armature  Windings 4to,  *7  So 

—  Electric  Railway  Engineering 4to,  *io  oo 

Parshall,  H.  F.,  and  Parry,  E.     Electrical  Equipment  of  Tram- 
ways  (In  Press.) 

Parsons,  S.  J.     Malleable  Cast  Iron 8vo,  *2  50 

Partington,  J.  R.    Higher  Mathematics  for  Chemical  Students 

i2mo,  *2  oo 

Passmore,  A.  C.     Technical  Terms  Used  in  Architecture  . .  .8vo,  *3  5o 

Paterson,  G.  W.  L.    Wiring  Calculations i2mo,  *2  oo 

Patterson,  D.     The  Color  Printing  of  Carpet  Yarns 8vo,  *3  5o 

—  Color  Matching  on  Textiles 8vo,  *3  oo 

-  The  Science  of  Color  Mixing 8vo,  *3  oo 

Paulding,  C.  P.     Condensation  of  Steam  in  Covered  and  Bare 

Pipes 8vo,  *2  oo 

Paulding.  C.  P.     Transmission  of  Heat  through  Cold-storage 

Insulation i2mo,  *i  oo 

Payne,  D.  W.    Iron  Founders'  Handbook (In  Press.) 

Peddie,  R.  A.    Engineering  and  Metallurgical  Books. . .  i2mo, 

Peirce,  B.     System  of  Analytic  Mechanics 4to,  10  oo 

Pendred,  V.     The  Railway  Locomotive.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Perkin,  F.  M.     Practical  Method  of  Inorganic  Chemistry .  .i2mo,  *i  oo 

Perrigo,  O.  E.     Change  Gear  Devices 8vo,  i  oo 

Perrine,  F.  A.  C.     Conductors  for  Electrical  Distribution  .  .  .  8vo,  *3  So 


28      D.  VAN  NO8TRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG 

Perry,  J.     Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  *2  50 

Petit,  G.     White  Lead  and  Zinc  White  Paints 8vo,  *i  50 

Petit,  R.     How  to  Build  an  Aeroplane.     Trans,  by  T.  O'B. 

Hubbard,  and  J.  H.  Ledeboer 8vo,  *i  50 

Pettit,  Lieut.  J.  S.     Graphic  Processes.     (Science  Series  No.  76.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Philbrick,  P.  H.     Beams  and  Girders.     (Science  Series  No.  88.) 

i6mo, 

Phillips,  J.     Engineering  Chemistry 8vo,  *4  50 

Gold  Assaying , . .  .  8vo,  *2  50 

Dangerous  Goods 8vo,  3  50 

Phin,  J.     Seven  Follies  of  Science i2mo,  *i  25 

Pickworth,  C.  N.     The  Indicator  Handbook.     Two  Volumes 

i2mo,  each,  i  50 

Logarithms  for  Beginners i2mo,  boards,  o  50 

—  The  Slide  Rule i2mo,  i  oo 

Plattner's  Manual  of    Blowpipe  Analysis.     Eighth  Edition,  re- 
vised.    Trans,  by  H.  B.  Cornwall 8vo,  *4  oo 

Plympton,  G.  W.  The  Aneroid  Barometer.  (Science  Series.). i6mo,  o  50 

How  to  become  an  Engineer.     (Science  Series  No.  100.) 

i6mo,  o  50 
Plympton,  G.  W.    Van  Nostrand's  Table  Book.     (Science  Series 

No.  104.). , i6mo,  o  50 

Pochet,  M.  L.     Steam  Injectors.     Translated  from  the  French. 

(Science  Series  No.  29.) i6mo,  o  50 

Pocket  Logarithms  to  Four  Places.     (Science  Series.) i6mo,  o  50 

leather,  i  oo 

Polleyn,  F.    Dressings  and  Finishings  for  Textile  Fabrics .  8vo,  *3  oo 

Pope,  F.  L.     Modern  Practice  of  the  Electric  Telegraph 8vo,  i  50 

Popplewell,  W.  C.    Elementary  Treatise  on  Heat  and  Heat 

Engines I2mo,  *3  oo 

Prevention  of  Smoke 8vo,  *3  50 

Strength  of  Minerals. 8vo,  *i  75 

Porter,  J.  R.    Helicopter  Flying  Machines i2mo,  i  25 

Potter,  T.     Concrete 8vo,  *3  oo 

Potts,  H.  E.  Chemistry  of  the  Rubber  Industry.     (Outlines  of 

Physical  Chemistry.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Practical  Compounding  of  Oils,  Tallow  and  Grease 8vo,  *3  50 

Practical  Iron  Founding I2mo,  i  50 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG   29 

Pratt,  K.    Boiler  Draught I2mo,  *i  25 

Pray,  T.,  Jr.     Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator 8vo,  2  50 

Steam  Tables  and  Engine  Constant 8vo,  2  oo 

Calorimeter  Tables 8vo,  i  oo 

Preece,  W.  H.     Electric  Lamps (In  Press.) 

Prelini,  C.     Earth  and  Rock  Excavation 8vo,  *3  oo 

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Rausenberger,  F.     The  Theory  of  the  Recoil  of  Guns 8vo,  *4  50 

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31 


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Richardson,  S.  S.     Magnetism  and  Electricity i2mo,  *2  oo 

Rideal,  S.     Glue  and  Glue  Testing : 8vo,  *4  oo 

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Robertson,  L.  S.     Water- tube  Boilers 8vo,  3  oo 

Robinson,  J.  B.     Architectural  Composition 8vo,  *2  50 

Robinson,  S.  W.     Practical  Treatise  on  the  Teeth  of  Wheels. 

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Roxburgh,  W.     General  Foundry  Practice 8vo,  *3  50 

Ruhmer,    E.     Wireless    Telephony.     Trans,    by    J.    Erskine- 

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Saunnier,  C.     Watchmaker's  Handbook i2mo,  3  oo 

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Smith,  C.  A.  M.    Handbook  of  Testing.    Vol.  I.     Materials . .  *2  50 
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Smith,  J.  C.     Manufacture  of  Paint 8vo,  *3  oo 

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Soddy,  F.     Radioactivity 8vo,  *3  oo 

Solomon,  M.     Electric  Lamps.     (Westminster  Series.),..  .  .8vo,  *2  oo 

Sothern,  J.  W.     The  Marine  Steam  Turbine 8vo,  *5  oo 

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D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG  35 

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Spang,  H.  W.     A  Practical  Treatise  on  Lightning  Protection. 

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Shreve.     (Science  Series  No.  23.) i6mo,  o  50 

Specht,  G.  J.,  Hardy,  A.  S.,  McMaster,  J.  B.,  and  Walling.     Topo- 
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Speyers,  C.  L.     Text-book  of  Physical  Chemistry 8vo,  *2  25 

Stahl,  A.  W.     Transmission  of  Power.     (Science  Series  No.  28.) 

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Stahl,  A.  W.,  and  Woods,  A.  T.     Elementary  Mechanism   .  1 2mo,  *2  oo 
Staley,  C.,  and  Pierson,  G.  S.     The  Separate  System  of  Sewerage. 

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Stansbie,  J.  H.     Iron  and  Steel.     (Westminster  Series.) ....  8vo,  *2  oo 
Steinman,  D.  B.     Suspension  Bridges  and  Cantilevers.    (Science 

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Stevens,  H.  P.     Paper  Mill  Chemist i6mo,  *2  50 

Stevenson,  J.  L.     Blast-Furnace  Calculations.  . .  .  i2mo,  leather,  *2  oo 

Stewart,  A.     Modern  Polyphase  Machinery i2mo,  *2  oo 

Stewart,  G.     Modern  Steam  Traps i2mo,  *i  25 

Stiles,  A.     Tables  for  Field  Engineers 12 mo,  I  oo 

Stillman,  P.     Steam-engine  Indicator i2mo,  i  oo 

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Stone,  H.     The  Timbers  of  Commerce 8vo,  3  50 

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Stopes,  M.     Ancient  Plants 8vo,  *2  oo 

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Sudborough,  J.  J.,  and  James,  T.  C.     Practical  Organic  Chem- 
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Suffling,  E.  R.  Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Glass  Painting 8vo,  *3  50 

Swan,  K.  Patents,  Designs  and  Trade  Marks.  (Westminster 

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Vose,  G.  L.     Graphic  Method  for  Solving  Certain  Questions  in 

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Wabner,  R.     Ventilation  in  Mines.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter.  .  .8vo,  *4  50 

Wade,  E.  J.     Secondary  Batteries 8vo,  *4  oo 

Wadsworth,  C.     Primary  Battery  Ignition I2mo  (In  Press.) 

Wagner,  E.     Preserving  Fruits,  Vegetables,  and  Meat i2mo,  *2  50 

Walker,  F.    Aerial  Navigation 8vo,  2  oo 

Dynamo  Building.     (Science  Series  No.  98.) i6mo,  o  50 

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Walker,  S.  F.     Steam  Boilers,  Engines  and  Turbines 8vo,  3  oo 

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Wanklyn,  J.  A.     Water  Analysis I2mo,  2  oo 

Wansbrough,  W.  D.  The  ABC  of  the  Differential  Calculus.  12  mo,  *i  50 

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Ward,  J.  H.     Steam  for  the  Million 8vo,  i  oo 

Waring,  Jr.,  G.  E.     Sanitary  Conditions,,     (Science  Series  No.  31.) 

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Weale,  J.     Dictionary  of  Terms  used  in  Architecture i2mo,  2  50 

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Webb,  H.  L.     Guide  to  the  Testing  of  Insulated  Wires  and 

Cables i2mo,  i  oo 

Webber,  W.  H.  Y.     Town  Gas.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vor  *2  oo 

Weisbach,  J.     A  Manual  of  Theoretical  Mechanics 8vo,  *6  oo 

sheep,  *7  50 
Weisbach,  J.,  and  Herrmann,  G.     Mechanics  of  Air  Machinery 

8vo,  *3  75 

Welch,  W.     Correct  Lettering (In  Press.) 

Weston,  E.  B.     Loss  of  Head  Due  to  Friction  of  Water  in  Pipes 

1 2 mo,  *i  50 

Weymouth,  F.  M.     Drum  Armatures  and  Commutators.  .8vo,  *3  oo 

Wheatley,  O.     Ornamental  Cement  Work (In  Press.) 

Wheeler,  J.  B.     Art  of  War * i2mo,  i  75 

—  Field  Fortifications I2mo,  i  75 

Whipple,  S.     An  Elementary  and  Practical  Treatise  on  Bridge 

Building 8 vo,  3  oo 

Whithard,  P.     Illuminating  and  Missal  Painting i2mo,  i  50 

Wilcox,  R.  M.     Cantilever  Bridges.     (Science  Series  No.  25.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Wilkinson,  H.  D.     Submarine  Cable  Laying  and  Repairing .  8 vo,  *6  oo 
Williams,  A.  D.,  Jr.,  and  Hutchinson,  R.  W.    The  Steam  Turbine. 

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Williamson,  J.,  and  Blackadder,  H.     Surveying 8vo   (In  Press.) 

Williamson,  R.  S.     On  the  Use  of  the  Barometer 4to,  15  oo 

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Willson,  F.  N.     Theoretical  and  Practical  Graphics 4to,  *4  oo 


40   D.   VAN   NOSTKAND   COMPANY'S   SHORT-TITLE    CATALOG 

Wimperis,  H.  E.     Internal  Combustion  Engine 8vo,  *3  oo 

Winchell,  N.  H.,  and  A.  N.    Elements  of  Optical  Mineralogy.  8  vo,  *3  50 
Winkler,  C.,  and  Lunge,  G.     Handbook  of  Technical  Gas- Analy- 
sis...  8vo,  4  oo 

Winslow,  A.     Stadia  Surveying.    (Science  Series  No.  77.) .  i6mo,  o  50 
Wisser,  Lieut.  J.  P.     Explosive  Materials.     (Science  Series  No. 

70.) i6mo,  o  50 

Modern  Gun  Cotton.     (Science  Series  No.  89.) i6mo,  o  50 

Wood,  De  V.     Luminiferous  Aether.     (Science  Series  No.  85.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Woodbury,  D.  V.     Elements  of  Stability  in  the  Well-propor- 
tioned Arch 8vo,  half  mor.,  4  oo 

Worden,  E.  C.     The  Nitrocellulose  Industry.     Two  Volumes. 

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Wright,  A.  C.     Analysis  of  Oils  and  Allied  Substances 8vo,  *3  50 

Simple  Method  for  Testing  Painter's  Materials 8vo,  *2  50 

Wright,  F.  W.     Design  of  a  Condensing  Plant I2mo,  *i  50 

Wright,  H.  E.     Handy  Book  for  Brewers 8vo,  *5  oo 

Wright,  J.    Testing,  Fault  Finding,  etc.  for  Wiremen  (Installa- 
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Wright,  T.  W.     Elements  of  Mechanics 8vo,  *2  50 

Wright,  T.  W.,  and  Hayford,  J.  F.     Adjustment  of  Observations 

8vo,  *3  oo 

Young,  J.  E.     Electrical  Testing  for  Telegraph  Engineers . .  .8vo,  *4  oo 

Zahner,  R.     Transmission  of  Power,     (Science  Series  No.  40.) 

i6mo, 

Zeidler,  J.,  and  Lustgarten,  J.     Electric  Arc  Lamps 8vo,  *2  oo 

7euner,    A.     Technical     Thermodynamics.     Trans,    by    J.    F. 

Klein.     Two  Volumes 8vo,  *8  oo 

Zimmer,  G.  F.     Mechanical  Handling  of  Material 4to,  *io  oo 

Zipser,  J.     Textile  Raw  Materials.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *5  oo 

Zur   Nedden,  F.     Engineering  Workshop  Machines  and  Proc- 

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